Table 2.

Transcription Factor Consensus Sequences and Binding Sites.

Site	Consensus		Human		Mouse		Rat
	Sequence	ID	Loca	GFAP sequence	Loc	Gfap sequence	Loc	Gfap sequence
AP−1	(G/C/A)TGA(C/G/T)TCA(T/C)	MA0476.1	−1592 −1569 −253	ATGACTCAC AatgTTCgg tTGAtTCAg or tTGctTCAg	−1599 −1576 −355	GTGACTCAC AatgGTCAg AaGtaTgca	−1504 −1481 −378	ATGACTCAC AatgGTCAg AaGtaTgca
CSL	TTCCCA b	MA1116.1	−1290 −1110 −619 −181	TTCCCA TTCCCA TTCCCA TgCCCA	−1304 −1162 −664 −184	gTtCCA aTatCc TTCCtA TTCCCA	−1201 −1067 −735 −184	TTtCCA aTatCc aTCCtA TTCCCA
DRE	(A/G)NGTCA(A/G)(A/G)G	Carrion et al., 1998	−244 −63	cGGTCAGGG GGcaCccGG	−346 −65	cTGTCAAcc AAGTCAGGG	−369 −65	cTGTCAAAc AAGTCAGGG
GATA	AGATAA(G/A)(A/G/C)	MA0037.2	−1447	gGATAAAA	−1453	gGATAAAA	−1358	gGATgAAAG
NFI	(T/C)TGGCN4(T/C)GCCA(A/G/T)	MA1527.1	−1630 −1582 −116 −79	CTGGCN4CcCCAG TTGGCN4acaCAA TgGGCN4gcCCAA agGGgN4TGCCAG	−1635 −1589 −119 −81	CTGGtN4CcCCAG TTGGCN4acatAA TgGGCN4gcCCAG TgGGgN4TtCCAG	−1544 −1494 −118 −81	CTGGCN4CcCCtc TTGGCN4acatAA TgGGCN4gcCCAG aTGGgN4TGCCAG
NF-κB	GGG(A/G)(A/C/T)(T/A/G)T(T/C/A)CC	MA0105.1	−1423	GGGGCTgCCC	−1436	GGGGCTgCCC	−1341	GGGGCTaCCC
Nkx2.1	(A/T/G)(A/T/G)N(T/G/C)(T/A)(C/T/G)(A/G)AGT(G/A)(G/C)N(T/C/A)b	PH0171.1	−795	GGGCTGGtGTcCAA	−842	AGGCTCAAGTtGAC	−922	AGGCTCAAaTtGAT
PAX3	G(T/A)(C/T)A(C/T)(G/A)(C/G)NN(A/G/C)T(T/C)(A/T)	MA1546.1	N/A N/A	no homology no homology	−2021 −411	GTCtCACAAATCT cTCtCACTAATTg	−1937 −433	GTCACACAAGcCT GTCACACTAATTgb
RAR	AGGTCA(A/C/T)NN(A/T)(A/G)AGGTCAc	MA0858.1	N/A −546 N/A +994	no homology AGGTCANAGGTCA no homology tGGTCAN10caTttc	−2502 N/A N/A +928	AGtTCAAGGTCA no homology no homology AGGTCAN10TGtCCT	−2498 N/A −508 +924	AGtTCAAGGTCA no homology AGGcCANAGGTCA AGGTCAN10TGtCCT
RBPJ	TGGGAA	MA1116.1	N/A −1086 −687	no homology TGGGAA TGGGAA	−1909 −1139 −731	TGGcAA TaGGAA TGaGAA	−1822 −1044 −802	TGGGAA TGaaAA TGaGAA
Sp1	(C/T/G)(C/T)CC(G/T/A)CC(C/T)(C/TA)	MA0079.3	−1562 −1541 −1530	GCCCACCCCb TCCCGCCgC CCCaGCCCC	−1568 −1547 −1536	GCCCACCCC TCCCGCtgT TCCaGgCCT	−1473 −1452 −1441	GCCCGCCCC TCCCGCtgC TCCaGgCCC
STAT3	TTCCN(G/A)(G/T)AA	MA0137.2	−1510 +279	TTCCGAGAA TTCCTGGAA	−1516 +269	TTCCGAGAA TTCCTGGAA	−1421 +272	TTCCGAGAA TTCCTGGAA

The sequences and positions of transcription factor binding sites discussed in the text are shown for human, mouse and rat, together with a consensus sequence. Consensus sequences are from the 2020 addition of the JASPAR database (Khan et al., 2018) (http://jaspar.genereg.net/), except for DRE (the binding site for DREAM), which was not in the database and was obtained from Carrión et al. (1998). When multiple, differing sequences were present in the JASPAR database, the one best matching that in the GFAP gene was selected. A nt is included in the listed consensus if it was present at least 10 times more often in the frequency matrix than at least one of the other three nts. Additional nts are included for a position in their order of frequency if they were present at least 10% as often as the most common nt. A lower case letter in the GFAP sequences indicates a mismatch with the consensus sequence. Nt positions are relative to +1 being the transcription start site, and are in accordance with NCBI Reference Sequences NC_000017.11, NC_000077.6, and NC_005109.4 for human, mouse and rat, respectively. N/A = not applicable because no homology is present.

^a5’ end of the sequence (3’ end if the sequence is the reverse complement). Numbering is relative to the RNA start site (see text).

^bSequence is the reverse complement

^cMatches to the consensus are given only for the AGGTCA repeats, because the space between them can vary from 1 to 5 nucleotides. The mouse sequence at +928 and the rat sequence at +924 are inverted repeats. The absence of a spacer for the −2502 mouse and -2498 rat sequences and the N₁₀ spacers for the mouse +928 and rat +924 sequences suggests binding will be weak (Rastinejad et al., 2000).