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. 2021 Feb 6;8:349–358. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.005

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© 2021 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 2 — Efficacy of FxRF against inflammation induced by PM in HaCaT keratinocytes (A), and analyses of HaCaT cell viability and intracellular ROS levels; (B) Western blot analyses of COX-2 expressions; (C) levels of key molecular mediators in the MAPK pathways; and (D) ELISA of PGE₂ and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Pre-seeded cells (1 × 10⁵ cells/mL) were treated with different FxRF concentrations after 24 h and stimulated with PM after 30 min. Cells were harvested after 24 h to measure inflammatory mediators (COX-2 and PGE₂) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Apoptotic body formation was observed under a fluorescence microscope after (E) DCFH-DA treatment and (F) Hoechst 33,342 and PI staining. Graphical representations are means ± standard error (SE) based on three replications. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 indicate that the values were significantly different from those for the PM-treated group..

Fig. 2 — Efficacy of FxRF against inflammation induced by PM in HaCaT keratinocytes (A), and analyses of HaCaT cell viability and intracellular ROS levels; (B) Western blot analyses of COX-2 expressions; (C) levels of key molecular mediators in the MAPK pathways; and (D) ELISA of PGE₂ and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Pre-seeded cells (1 × 10⁵ cells/mL) were treated with different FxRF concentrations after 24 h and stimulated with PM after 30 min. Cells were harvested after 24 h to measure inflammatory mediators (COX-2 and PGE₂) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Apoptotic body formation was observed under a fluorescence microscope after (E) DCFH-DA treatment and (F) Hoechst 33,342 and PI staining. Graphical representations are means ± standard error (SE) based on three replications. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 indicate that the values were significantly different from those for the PM-treated group..