Fig. 3.

Efficacy of FxRF against inflammation induced by PM in RAW 264.7 macrophages (A), and analyses of RAW cell viability and intracellular ROS levels; (B) Western blot analyses of iNOS and COX-2 expressions; and (C) ELISA of PGE₂ and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Pre-seeded cells (1 × 10⁵ cells/mL) were treated with different FxRF concentrations after 24 h and stimulated with PM after 30 min. Cells were harvested after 24 h to measure inflammatory mediators (COX-2 and PGE₂) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Graphical representations are means ± SE based on three replications. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 indicate that the values were significantly different from those for the PM-treated group.