Modelling Center |
CMA, CMC, CPTECT, ECMWF, JMA, KMA, NCEP, UKMO |
CMA, CMC, CPTECT, ECMWF, JMA, KMA, NCEP, UKMO |
NCEP–GFS |
ECMWF |
UKMO–MORST |
Forecast type |
Ensemble |
Ensemble |
Deterministic |
Ensemble |
Ensemble |
Forecast lead time |
0–15 days (daily) |
0–15 days (daily) |
006 h, 048 h, 168 h |
48 h |
0–168 h (hourly) |
Region of interest |
Combined EOF 1 & 2 of 15° S–15° N average U200 & U850 as in (Wheeler and Hendon 2004 [87]) |
PNA Lat/Lon locations as in (Wallace and Gutlzer 1981 [88]) |
Gridded Lat[10° N, 60° N], Lon[180°,110° W] (0.5° × 0.625°) |
537 German observation station locations |
Four undisclosed locations |
Time span |
2006–2019 |
2006–2019 |
2006–2018 |
2007–2016 |
Dec 2018–Mar 2019 |
Ground truth |
Forecast hour 0 RMM1 and RMM2 index analysis |
Forecast hour 0 PNA index Analysis |
Gridded MERRA2 reanalysis IVT (0.5° × 0.625°) |
T2 m stations |
Station surface temperature |
Variable of Interest |
RMM1 and RMM2 Index Forecast |
PNA Index Analysis |
Gridded GFS IVT forecast (0.5° × 0.625°) |
T2 m Forecast |
Road surface forecast |