TABLE 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics and Use of Primary Metrics by Site-Level and Patient-Level Factors
| Total Patients | CXR Within 24 h | CSF Culture Obtained | Patient Admitted | Median LOS, h | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | Patients, n (%) | χ2 P | Patients, n (%) | χ2 P | Patients, n (%) | χ2 P | Median (IQR) | KW P | |
| Total | 20 786 (100) | 4826 (23) | — | 11 972 (58) | — | 13 996 (67) | — | 39 (53) | — |
| Site-level factors | |||||||||
| Hospital type | <.001 | ||||||||
| Community | 6711 (32) | 6711 (32) | — | 3678 (55) | — | 4360 (65) | — | 35 (50) | |
| University affiliated | 14 075 (68) | 14 075 (68) | <.001 | 8294 (59) | <.001 | 9636 (68) | <.0001 | 43 (57) | |
| Pediatric beds | .768 | ||||||||
| ≤10 | 262 (1) | 135 (52) | — | 89 (34) | — | 161 (61) | — | 27 (61) | |
| 11–30 | 3934 (19) | 1263 (32) | — | 1888 (48) | — | 2557 (65) | — | 35 (55) | |
| 31–50 | 2966 (14) | 741 (25) | — | 1856 (63) | — | 2051 (69) | — | 38 (53) | |
| >50 | 13 624 (66) | 2687 (20) | <.001 | 8139 (60) | <.001 | 9227 (68) | <.001 | 39 (53) | |
| Study period | <.001 | ||||||||
| Intervention | 10 148 (49) | 2136 (21) | — | 5354 (53) | — | 6517 (64) | — | 38 (53) | |
| Baseline | 10 638 (51) | 2690 (25) | <.001 | 6618 (62) | <.001 | 7479 (70) | <.001 | 39 (54) | |
| Patient-level factors | |||||||||
| Age group, d | <.001 | ||||||||
| 7–30 | 7974 (38) | 1735 (22) | — | 6445 (81) | — | 7331 (92) | — | 49 (24) | |
| 31–60 | 12 812 (62) | 3091 (24) | <0.001 | 5527 (53) | <.001 | 6665 (52) | <.001 | 18 (46) | |
| Sex | .013 | ||||||||
| Male | 11 592 (56) | 2709 (23) | — | 6744 (58) | — | 7824 (67) | — | 39 (54) | |
| Female | 9194 (44) | 2117 (23) | .571 | 5228 (57) | .059 | 6172 (67) | .589 | 39 (52) | |
| Respiratory symptomsa | <.001 | ||||||||
| Yes | 6783 (33) | 2838 (42) | — | 3396 (50) | — | 4147 (61) | — | 33 (50) | |
| No | 14 003 | 1988 (14) | .571 | 8576 (61) | <.001 | 9849 (70) | <.001 | 41 (55) | |
| Abnormal laboratory valuesb | <.001 | ||||||||
| Yes | 7221 (35) | 1797 (25) | — | 5483 (76) | — | 6205 (86) | — | 48 (29) | |
| No | 13 565 (65) | 3029 (22) | <0.001 | 6489 (48) | <.001 | 7791 | <.001 | 28 (59) | |
CXR, chest radiograph; KW, Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; —, not applicable.
a
Respiratory symptoms documented within 24 h of arrival.
b
Normal laboratory value ranges were defined as: white blood cell count 5–15 000 cells per mm3, differential with absolute band count <1500 cells per mm3 or band cell/neutrophil ratio <0.2, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin per individual institution ranges. CSF white cell count ≤8 cells per mm3 or negative Gram-stain.