Table 1.
A compilation of photosensitizing drugs (total n = 393). Number in brackets indicates the number of agents assigned to the respective drug class/subclass. Agents in bold represent drugs with high evidence of their photosensitizing effects (number of publications n ≥ 15). Asterisks identify agents of which the first report concerning their photosensitizing effects have been published recently (2005 and later)
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Cardiovascular (60) Diuretics (25) RAAS effecting (15) Antiarrhythmics (11) Ca2±‐channel antagonists (2) Antihypertensives (4) Others (3) |
Hydrochlorothiazide Furosemide Chlorothiazide Hydroflumethiazide Methyclothiazide Piretanide Polythiazide Trichlormethiazide Bemetizide Enalapril Ramipril Quinapril Captopril Fosinopril Amiodarone Dronedarone*c Disopyramide Procainamide Amlodipine Hydralazine Rilmenidine Clopidogrel |
Bendroflumethiazide Benzthiazide Bumetanide Butizide Cyclothiazide Chlorthalidone Metolazone Quinethazone Benazepril Lisinopril Moexipril Valsartan Candesartan* Diltiazem Verapamil Carvedilol Tilisolol Nifedipine Diazoxide Oxerutins |
Indapamide Triamterene Chlorothiazide Amiloride Torasemide Xipamide Ethacrynic acid Acetazolamide Spironolactone Losartan Olmesartan* Telmisartan* Irbesartan* Quinidine Propranolol Sotalol Methyldopa Triflusal |
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Anti‐inflammatory (38) NSAIDs (28) COX‐2 inhibitors (6) Others (4) |
Naproxen Ketoprofen Tiaprofenic acid Piroxicam Carprofen Aceclofenac Diclofenac Mefenaminic acid Phenylbutazone Leflunomide Celecoxib Etodolac Heroin Gold |
Bexaprofen Diflunisal Nabumetone Benzydamine Flurbiprofen Ketorolac* Meclofenamate Nalidixic Acid Oxaprozin Rofecoxib Meloxicam Pentosan polysulfate |
Benoxafen Indoprofen Indomethacin Fenoprofen Sulindac Suprofen Ibuprofen Tolmetin Mesalazine Nimesulide Valdecoxib Achillea millefolium |
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Antineoplastic (47) Alkylating (4) Antimetabolite (9) Anti‐microtubule (3) Anthracycline (1) |
Hydroxyurea Procarbazine Methotrexate Mercaptopurine Capecitabine Vinblastine Epirubicin |
Dacarbazine Pentostatin Tegafur/Uracil Tegafur Docetaxel |
Chlorambucil Thioguanine Tegafur/Gimeracil/Oteracil Fluorouracil Paclitaxel |
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Small molecule inhibitors (14) Topoisomerase inhibitor (1) Monoclonal antibodies (6) Others (9) |
Vemurafenib* Vandetanib* Dabrafenib* Gefitinib* Lapatinib* Irinotecan Nivolumab* Eculizumab* Flutamide Midostaurin PEG Interferon* |
Cobimetinib Crizotinib* Dasatinib* Canartinib* Trametinib* Cetuximab* Panitumumab* Bicalutamide* Mitomycin Interferon alpha |
Regorafenib* Erlotinib* Imatinib* Alectinib Trastuzumab* Mogamulizumab* Rucaparib Anagrelide Arsenic |
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Anti‐infectious (70) Fluorquinolones (16) Tetracyclines (7) Sulfonamides (5) Cephalosporins (3) Aminoglycosides (3) Antimycotics (6) Antituberculosis (6) Antiviral (11) Others (13) |
Lomefloxacin Enoxacin Ciprofloxacin Clinafloxacin Sparfloxacin Pefloxacin Tetracycline Doxycycline Demeclocycline Sulfamethoxazole Cotrimoxazole Cefazolin Kanamycin Griseofulvin Voriconazole Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Efavirenz Ritonavir Saquinavir Zalcitabine Quinine Chloroquine Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin Atoraquone/proguanil |
Ulifloxacin Grepafloxacin Gemifloxacin Levofloxacin Fleroxacin Minocycline Oxytetracycline Sulfadiazine Sulfisoxazole Ceftazidime Streptomycin Terbinafine Ketoconazole Ethionamide Ethambutol Daclatasvir* Amantadine (Val‐)Ganciclovir Tenofovir Mefloquine Pyrimethamine Quinacrine Sulfadoxine |
Ofloxacin Trovafloxacin Gatifloxacin Moxifloxacin Norfloxacin Chlortetracycline Lymecycline Sulfasalazine Cefotaxime Gentamicin Itraconazole Rosemary Clofazamine Aminosalicylate sodium (Val‐)Aciclovir Simeprevir* Ribavirin Dapsone Furazolidone Methenamine Flucytosine |
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Nervous system (80) Antidepressants (23) Antipsychotics (34) |
Hypericum Amitriptyline Imipramine Clomipramine Desipramine Trimipramine Nortriptyline Doxepin Promethazine Thioridazine |
Escitalopram Paroxetine Protriptyline Fluvoxamine Fluoxetine Sertraline* Citalopram Venlafaxine* Olanzapine* Clozapine |
Duloxetine* Isocarboxazid Phenelzine Tranylcypromine Amoxapine Trazodone Nefazodone Chlorprothixene Chlorpromazine |
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Anticonvulsants/barbiturates (11) Triptans (4) Others (8) |
Fluphenazine Perphenazine Flupentixol Molindone Pimozide Thiothixene Ziprasidone Meprobamate Zolpidem Aripiprazole Carbamazepine Lamotrigine Phenytoin* Felbamate Sumatriptan Naratriptan Cevimeline Methylphenidate Ropinirole |
Haloperidol Thioxene Trimeprazine Prochlorperazine Trifluoperazine Alprazolam Chlordiazepoxide Clorazepate Triazolam Topiramate Valproic Acid Trimethadione Phenobarbital Zolmitriptan Bupropion Danazol Acamprosate |
Perazine Loxapine Mesoridazine Quetiapine Risperidone Eszopiclone Zaleplon Maprotiline Carisoprodol Butabarbital Butalbital Pentobarbital Almotriptan Procyclidine Trihexyphenidyl |
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Metabolism/endocrinologic (53) Statins (5) Fibrates (3) Antidiabetics (12) Proton‐pump inhibitor (3) Xanthine‐oxidase inhibitor (2) Hormones (6) Antihistamines (19) Antithyroid (1) Others (1) |
Simvastatin Atorvastatin* Fenofibrate Chlorpropamide Tolbutamide Glyburide Glipizide Esomeprazole* Allopurinol Melatonin Hydrocortisone Mequitazine Repirinast Astemizole Azatadine Brompheniramine Chlorpheniramine Ranitidine Propylthiouracil Bergamot |
Pravastati* Pitavastatin* Bezafibrate Gliquidone Glymidine Acetohexamide Glimepiride Pantoprazole Febuxostat Estrogen Epoetin Alpha Clemastine Dexchlorpheniramine Hydroxyzine Meclizine Tripelennamine Triprolidine |
Rosuvastatin* Clofibrate Canagliflozin Sitagliptin* Metformin* Tolazamide Rabeprazole Progesterone Ethinyl estradiol Dimenhydrinate Cyproheptadine Diphenhydramine Loratadine Cetirizine Terfenadine |
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Others (45) Antiseptic (1) Anticholinergic (6) Cholinergic (1) PDE5 inhibitors (2) Photosensitizers (11) |
Thimerosal Scopolamine Hyoscyamine Pilocarpine Sildenafil Porfimer sodium 8‐Methoxypsoralen 5‐Methoxypsoralen Anthracene |
Benzatropine Glycopyrrolate Vardenafil Aminolevulinic acid Temoporfin Verteporfin Protoporphyrin |
Atropine sulfate Tiotropium* Dihematoporphyrin Ether Trioxsalen Hematoporphyrin |
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Interleukins (1) Retinoids (4) Antifibrotic (1) Immunosuppressant (6) Chemotherapy adjuvant (1) Phytotherapy (4) Additives (3) Antidote (1) Vitamins (2) Vaccines (1) |
Aldesleukin Isotretinoin Tretinoin Pirfenidone* Tacrolimus Azathioprine Mesna Ginseng Ruta Cyclamate Tiopronin Pyridoxin Smallpox |
Acitretin Omalizumab* Colchicine Hydrastis canadensis Tartrazine Acetylcysteine* |
Etretinate Tocilizumab *Interferon Beta Angelica sinensis Saccharin |