Table 2.
Associations between maternal E-DII and DASH scores (per 1-SD increase) and secondary childhood adiposity measures
| Early-childhood (2.8 ± 0.3 years) | Mid-childhood (6.1 ± 0.6 years) | Late-childhood (10.6 ± 1.2 years) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SST, mm | SST, mm | FMI, kg/m2 | FFMI, kg/m2 | SST, mm | FMI, kg/m2 | FFMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||
| β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | |
| E-DII | ||||||||||||||
| Pre | − 0.11 (−0.23, 0.01) | 0 | − 0.04 (− 0.22, 0.14) | 0 | − 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.03) | 0 | − 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.003) | 0 | − 0.17 (− 0.76, 0.41) | – | 0.03 (− 0.10, 0.16) | – | − 0.03 (−-0.10, 0.05) | – |
| Np/Nc | 2959/2 | 2536/2 | 2034/2 | 2038/2 | 1025/1 | 848/1 | 848/1 | |||||||
| Preg | − 0.01 (− 0.14, 0.13) | 13 | 0.09 (− 0.14, 0.33) | 29 | 0.03 (− 0.03, 0.09) | 25 | − 0.06 (− 0.16, 0.03) | 67* | 0.41 (− 0.23, 1.06) | – | 0.03 (− 0.03, 0.10) | 0 | − 0.06 (− 0.08, − 0.03)*** | 0 |
| Np/Nc | 2749/3 | 3184/4 | 2059/4 | 2063/4 | 780/1 | 6739/2 | 6739/2 | |||||||
| Early | 0.07 (− 0.10, 0.24) | 0 | − 0.01 (− 0.28, 0.25) | 0 | 0.01 (− 0.10, 0.13) | 41 | − 0.13 (− 0.32, 0.06) | 77* | 0.20 (− 0.43, 0.82) | – | 0.04 (− 0.09, 0.17) | – | − 0.04 (− 0.12, 0.04) | – |
| Np/Nc | 1716/2 | 1513/2 | 1120/3 | 1119/3 | 836/1 | 702/1 | 702/1 | |||||||
| Late | − 0.04 (− 0.17, 0.08) | 0 | 0.15 (− 0.07, 0.38) | 17 | 0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07) | 0 | − 0.001 (− 0.04, 0.04) | 0 | 0.31 (− 0.28, 0.90) | – | 0.04 (− 0.03, 0.11) | 12 | − 0.04 (− 0.10, 0.01) | 52 |
| Np/Nc | 2880/2 | 3182/3 | 1980/2 | 1984/2 | 969/1 | 6885/2 | 6885/2 | |||||||
| DASH | ||||||||||||||
| Pre | − 0.03 (− 0.16, 0.09) | 2 | − 0.18 (− 0.36, 0.01) | 0 | − 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.003) | 0 | 0.03 (− 0.01, 0.08) | 0 | − 0.29 (− 0.88, 0.31) | – | − 0.10 (− 0.23, 0.03) | – | 0.05 (− 0.03, 0.12) | – |
| Np/Nc | 2959/2 | 2536/2 | 2034/2 | 2038/2 | 1025/1 | 848/1 | 848/1 | |||||||
| Preg | − 0.06 (− 0.18, 0.07) | 0 | − 0.02 (− 0.29, 0.26) | 41 | − 0.02 (− 0.05, 0.02) | 0 | 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.06) | 0 | − 0.54 (− 1.21, 0.12) | – | − 0.09 (− 0.15, − 0.03)** | 0 | 0.03 (− 0.002, 0.06) | 0 |
| Np/Nc | 2749/3 | 3184/4 | 2059/4 | 2063/4 | 780/1 | 6739/2 | 6739/2 | |||||||
| Early | − 0.10 (− 0.28, 0.08) | 0 | 0.10 (− 0.41, 0.61) | 68 | − 0.07 (− 0.15, 0.01) | 0 | 0.03 (− 0.03, 0.09) | 0 | − 0.58 (− 1.22, 0.06) | – | − 0.12 (− 0.25, 0.01) | – | 0.06 (− 0.02, 0.14) | – |
| Np/Nc | 1716/2 | 1513/2 | 1120/3 | 1119/3 | 836/1 | 702/1 | 702/1 | |||||||
| Late | − 0.01 (− 0.14, 0.11) | 0 | − 0.06 (− 0.24, 0.13) | 0 | − 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.03) | 0 | − 0.001 (− 0.05, 0.04) | 0 | − 0.28 (− 0.88, 0.32) | – | − 0.07 (− 0.13, − 0.01)* | 0 | 0.03 (− 0.002, 0.05) | 0 |
| Np/Nc | 2880/2 | 3182/3 | 1980/2 | 1984/2 | 969/1 | 6885/2 | 6885/2 | |||||||
Values are adjusted pooled effect estimates [β (95% CI)] expressed for a 1-SD increment in dietary scores, heterogeneity measure (I2), and number of participants and studies included (Np/Nc) across different outcomes and conception periods, as labelled. Effect estimates were adjusted for maternal education, ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal height, parity, energy intake (for DASH analysis only), cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy and child sex and age at measurement
β (effect estimates) and the I2 (heterogeneity) test have separate P values
E-DII energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index, DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, SST sum of skinfold thickness, FMI fat mass index, FFMI fat-free mass index, I2 I-squared, Pre pre-pregnancy, Preg pregnancy, Early early pregnancy, Late late pregnancy, Np number of participants included, Nc number of cohorts included
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001