FIGURE 4.

GA‐GNPs enhance RT‐induced S and G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell death in U251 cells. (a) Cell cycle analysis of U251 cells treated with control, gallic acid, GNPs, and GA‐GNPs in the presence of radiation (8 Gy) by flow cytometry. (b) U251 cells were treated with control, gallic acid, GNPs, and GA‐GNPs in the presence of radiation (8 Gy), and the early apoptotic and dead cells were quantitated by annexin V and PI staining in flow cytometry analysis. (c) Immunoblotting analysis to determine the relative expression of BAX and BCL‐2 proteins in U251 cells treated with control, gallic acid, GNPs, and GA‐GNPs in the presence of radiation (8 Gy). (d) Western blots (n = 3) were quantitated for BAX (left panel) and BCL‐2 (right panel) protein levels relative to GPADH in the indicated treatment conditions