Table 1.

Characteristics of Cases and Controls at the Pre-COVID-19 Assessment (Only Survivors)

	Cases (n = 56)	Controls (n = 74)	P Value
Sex, female, n (%)	41 (73.2)	55 (74.3)	.82
Age, y, mean ± SD	84.4 ± 7.3	85.1 ± 7.4	.75
Educational level, primary school or less, n (%)	28 (52.8)	44 (62.8)	.26
Number of drugs, median (IQR)	7 (5, 10)	8 (6, 11)	.43
Chronic diseases (moderate severity according to CIRS), n (%)
Cardiac	28 (50.0)	30 (40.5)	.21
Hypertension	25 (44.6)	35 (46.1)	.72
Vascular/hematological	26 (46.4)	32 (43.2)	.56
Respiratory	13 (23.2)	18 (24.3)	.82
Ophthalmologic and otorhinolaryngologic	20 (35.7)	17 (23.0)	.08
Upper gastrointestinal	19 (33.9)	46 (62.2)	.01
Lower gastrointestinal	18 (32.1)	26 (35.1)	1.00
Hepatic and pancreatic	4 (7.1)	5 (6.8)	.71
Renal	4 (7.1)	4 (5.4)	1.00
Genitourinary	39 (69.6)	58 (78.4)	.53
Musculoskeletal and dermatologic	32 (57.1)	58 (78.4)	.04
Neurologic (excluding dementia)	21 (37.5)	36 (48.7)	.09
Endocrine - metabolic	23 (41.1)	31 (41.9)	.49
Psychiatric/behavioral	51 (91.1)	68 (91.9)	.74
CIRS-comorbidity index, median (IQR)	5 (4, 6)	5 (4, 6)	.27
CIRS-severity index, median (IQR)	2.1 (1.9, 2.3)	2.2 (2, 2.4)	.12
MMSE, mean ± SD	16.3 ± 7.4	16.8 ± 7.8	.42
No. residents with available ratings	n = 48	n = 61
Handgrip (kg), mean ± SD	8.6 ± 4.2	8.6 ± 5.7	.07
No. residents with available ratings	n = 24	n = 45
4-m walking test (m/s), mean ± SD	0.8 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	.10
No. residents with available ratings	n = 15	n = 23
Frail-NH score (range 0–13)	7.4 ± 3.4	7.8 ± 3.1	.79
Frailty (Frail-NH score >7), n (%)	30 (53.6)	50 (67.5)	.10
Frailty, n (%)			.16
Nonfrail (Frail-NH score 0–1)	8 (14.3)	7 (9.5)
Mild or moderate frailty (Frail-NH score 2–5)	12 (21.4)	9 (12.2)
Most frail (Frail-NH score 6–14)	36 (64.3)	58 (78.3)

CIRS, cumulative illness rating scale; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.