Table 3.

Characteristics Associated With Incident Frailty and Cognitive Decline

	Frailty		Cognitive Decline
	OR (95% CI)	P Value	OR (95% CI)	P Value
COVID-19 (yes vs no)	4.95 (1.13–21.6)	.03	1.89 (0.69–5.21)	.22
Age ≥80 y (vs <80)	2.84 (0.73–11.0)	.13	2.17 (0.53–8.93)	.28
Sex (female vs male)	4.44 (0.75–26.3)	.10	0.63 (0.23–1.69)	.36
CIRS-comorbidity index ≥5 (vs <5)	3.31 (0.93–11.8)	.06	1.72 (1.03–7.17)	.04
Frailty (vs nonfrailty)	–	–	2.76 (1.07–7.12)	.03

CI, confidence Interval; CIRS, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale; OR, odds ratio.

Characteristics associated with incident frailty and cognitive decline (defined as a reduction in MMSE score >2 points from pre- to post-COVID assessments) were evaluated through logistic regression models. Independent variables included COVID-19, age, sex, CIRS-comorbidity index and, only for cognitive decline, frailty at the pre-COVID assessment.