Supplementary Table 1.

Characteristics of Cases and Controls at the Pre-COVID-19 Assessment

	Cases (n = 76)	Controls (n = 76)	P Value
Sex, female, n (%)	55 (72.4)	56 (73.7)	.84
Age, y, mean ± SD	85.3 ± 7.4	85.3 ± 7.4	.70
Educational level, primary school or less, n (%)	36 (51.4)	45 (62.5)	.17
Number of drugs, median (IQR)	7 (5, 10)	8 (6, 11)	.47
Chronic diseases (moderate severity according to CIRS), n (%)
Cardiac	41 (54.0)	31 (40.8)	.13
Hypertension	32 (42.1)	35 (46.1)	.65
Vascular/hematologic	36 (47.4)	34 (44.7)	.75
Respiratory	15 (19.7)	18 (23.7)	.55
Ophthalmologic and otorhinolaryngologic	19 (38.2)	17 (22.4)	.03
Upper gastrointestinal	30 (39.5)	47 (61.8)	.01
Lower gastrointestinal	26 (34.2)	26 (34.2)	1.00
Hepatic and pancreatic	4 (5.3)	5 (6.6)	.74
Renal	6 (7.9)	4 (5.3)	.53
Genitourinary	53 (69.7)	60 (79.0)	.21
Musculoskeletal and dermatologic	48 (63.2)	60 (79.0)	.04
Neurologic (excluding dementia)	36 (47.4)	37 (48.7)	.87
Endocrine – metabolic	30 (39.5)	31 (40.8)	.85
Psychiatric/behavioral	71 (93.4)	70 (92.1)	.76
CIRS-comorbidity index, median (IQR)	5 (4, 6)	5 (4, 7)	.42
CIRS-severity index, median (IQR)	2.1 (1.9, 2.3)	2.2 (2, 2.3)	.16
MMSE, mean ± SD	15.8 ± 7.2	17 ± 7.8	.23
No. residents with available ratings	n = 60	n = 61
Handgrip (kg), mean ± SD	8.7 ± 4.2	8.6 ± 5.7	.07
No. residents with available ratings	n = 31	n = 45
4-m walking test (m/s), mean ± SD	0.8 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	.10
No. residents with available ratings	n = 17	n = 23
Frail-NH score (range 0-13)	7.4 ± 3.4	7.8 ± 3.1	.79
Frailty (Frail-NH score >7), n (%)	47 (61.8)	52 (68.4)	.34
Frailty, n (%)			.43
Nonfrail (Frail-NH score 0–1)	8 (10.5)	7 (9.2)
Mild or moderate frailty (Frail-NH score 2–5)	14 (18.4)	9 (11.8)
Most frail (Frail-NH score 6–14)	54 (71.1)	60 (79.0)

CIRS, cumulative illness rating scale; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.