Table 1.

Exogenous and endogenous ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and their potential impact on age-related diseases.

Molecule	Function	Potential impact on aging
Endogenous
Kynurenine	Ahr agonist	Muscle atrophy, increased bone resorption, reduced bone formation1–3
Indoxyl sulfate	Ahr agonist	Muscle atrophy, reduced bone formation4, 5
Exogenous-Diet
Quercetin	Ahr agonist	Senolytic when combined with dasatinib, also an antioxidant6, 7
Galangin	Ahr agonist/antagonist	Anti-inflammatory, Inhibits CYP1A1 activation8
Apigenin	Ahr agonist/antagonist	Inhibits CYP1A1 activation9
Resveratrol	Ahr antagonist	Stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, increases autophagy10

References:

¹El Refaey et al., 2017;

²Kaiser et al., 2019;

³Kim et al., 2019;

⁴Enoki et al., 2016;

⁵Watanabe et al., 2017;

⁶Kirkland and Tchkonia, 2017;

⁷Ashida et al., 2000;

⁸Ciolino & Yeh, 1999;

⁹Jin et al., 2018;

¹⁰Ciolino et al., 1998.