Table 1.

Genetic models used in islet paracrine signaling studies.

Model	Target	Cre driver	Goal	Caveats	Reference
bTC6-F7 cell IR overexpression	insulin receptor	N/A	gain of function		[45]
bTC6-F7 cell IR kinase dead	insulin receptor	N/A	loss of function		[45]
beta cell specific IR KO	insulin receptor	Insulin I Cre knockin	loss of function		[60–62]
BIRKO	insulin receptor	Rat insulin II promoter	loss of function	promoter contains hGF minigene deletion in brain	[48, 49]
beta IGF-1R KO	IGF-1 receptor	Rat insulin II promoter	loss of function	promoter contains hGF minigene deletion in brain	[51, 53]
beta double IR IGFR KO	IR and IGF-1R	Rat insulin II promoter	loss of function	promoter contains hGF minigene deletion in brain	[53]
alpha cell IR KO	insulin receptor	glucagon promoter	loss of function		[6]
delta cell IR KO	insulin receptor	SST-Cre	loss of function	not specific to islet delta cells	[119]
GcgR null mice	GcgR	N/A	loss of function		[73, 74]
beta cell GcgR KO	GcgR	Mouse insulin I promoter	loss of function	promoter contains hGF minigene	[83]
beta cell GcgR overexpression	GcgR	Rat insulin II promoter	gain of function	promoter contains hGF minigene deletion in brain	[66]
GLP-1R null mice	GLP-1R	N/A	loss of function		[83]
SSTR2 null mice	SSTR2	N/A	loss of function		[116]
SSTR5 null mice	SSTR5	N/A	loss of function		[126]
SST-Cre;R26-DTA	Somatostatin+ cells	SST-Cre	loss of function		[118]
Ghrelin null mice	Ghrl	N/A	loss of function		[130]
Ghrelin receptor null mice	Ghsr	N/A	loss of function		[130]
ZnT8 null mice	Slc30a8	N/A	loss of function		[37]