Figure 4.

Hemodynamic effects on circulating tumor cells. a) Diagram of work by Follain et al., describing the pocketing of CTCs by endothelial cells that occurs at intermediate flow rates. While arrest and adhesion of CTCs to the endothelium occurs at low and intermediate flow rates, pocketing was only seen at intermediate flow rates. b) Zebrafish can be used to directly observe extravasation of CTCs. c) A subtractive method was used to create a vascularized collagen hydrogel (top) which can be perfused. This model was used with an MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and EC coculture (bottom right). Authors observed decreased gene expression of angiogenesis-related factors at high shear stress (bottom left). (a) Reproduced with permission.^[14] Copyright 2018, Cell Press. (b) Reproduced with permission.^[77] Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (c) Adapted with permission.^[69] Copyright 2014, Taylor & Francis.