Table 1.

Summary of the vessel characteristics of the literature discussed in Section 2.

Method of vascularizationa)	Vessel diameter	Flow rate	Velocity	Shear (Stress or Rate)	Number of cells seeded initially	Time to create stable vasculature
Vasculogenesis
Chan et al.[37]	≈15 μm	NS	NS	NS	2 × 106 cells mL−1	6–8 days
Moya et al.[44]	15–50 μm	NS	0–4000 μm s−1	0–1000 1/s	7.5 × 106 cells mL−1 (2:1 fibroblasts:ECs)	14 days
Subtractive
Chrobak et al.[36]	75–150 μm	≈3 μL min−1	NS	10 dyne cm−2	≈107 cells mL−1	≈3 days
Miller et al.[35]	150–800 μm	10 μL s−1	5 mm s−1	1 dyne cm−2	35 × 106 cells mL−1	1 day
Additive
Kolesky et al.[54]	NS	13–27 μL min−1	NS	NS	1 × 107 cells mL−1	≈1 day
Skylar-Scott et al.[55]	400–1000 μm	40–500 μL min−1b)	NS	0.8 dyne cm−2 (at 500 μL min−1)	1 × 107 cells mL−1	≈1 day
Langer et al.[56]	NS	Static	Static	Static	1.5–2 × 108 cells mL−1	NS

^a)NS = Not specified in text

^b)Constructs with ECs were perfused at 40 μL min⁻¹.