Table 1.
Child characteristics
| N | Normal weight | N | Overweight | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at MRI (years) | 2404 | 9.9 (9.4–11.8) | 488 | 10.0 (9.5–11.8) | 0.28 |
| Male gender, N | 2404 | 1212 (50.4) | 488 | 206 (42.2) | <0.01 |
| Ethnicity, non-Dutch, N | 2358 | 831 (35.2) | 476 | 278 (58.4) | <0.01 |
| Height (cm) | 2404 | 141.1 (6.5) | 488 | 144.3 (6.9) | <0.01 |
| Weight (kg) | 2404 | 32.6 (25.2–43.4) | 488 | 45.2 (35.3–62.7) | <0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 2404 | 16.5 (14.0–19.4) | 488 | 21.5 (19.7–27.9) | <0.01 |
| Pericardial adipose tissue (g) | 2404 | 10.0 (4.5–20.7) | 488 | 14.2 (6.4–26.7) | <0.01 |
| Pericardial adipose tissue index (g/m3) | 2404 | 3.6 (1.6–7.1) | 488 | 4.7 (2.0–8.9) | <0.01 |
| Cardiac measures | |||||
| Right ventricular end-diastolic volume (mL) | 2141 | 98.1 (18.5) | 438 | 111.4 (20.8) | <0.01 |
| Right ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 2141 | 58.3 (4.9) | 438 | 57.4 (4.6) | <0.01 |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (mL) | 2141 | 98.6 (16.6) | 438 | 110.9 (19.2) | <0.01 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 2141 | 58.4 (4.5) | 438 | 58.3 (4.6) | 0.69 |
| Left ventricular mass (g) | 2140 | 47.6 (9.8) | 438 | 55.0 (10.2) | <0.01 |
| Left ventricular mass-to-volume ratio | 2139 | 0.49 (0.08) | 438 | 0.50 (0.08) | <0.01 |
| Cardiovascular measures | |||||
| Android adipose tissue (%) | 2389 | 3.7 (2.4–6.0) | 485 | 6.3 (3.7–8.2) | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 2339 | 102.2 (7.5) | 477 | 108.4 (8.1) | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 2339 | 58.4 (6.3) | 477 | 60.0 (6.8) | <0.01 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 1727 | 5.3 (0.9) | 341 | 5.2 (0.8) | 0.12 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 1727 | 170.6 (33.8–564.1) | 336 | 257.4 (49.3–830.0) | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1726 | 4.3 (0.6) | 340 | 4.4 (0.7) | <0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1728 | 1.5 (0.3) | 341 | 1.3 (0.3) | <0.01 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1723 | 0.91 (0.40–2.43) | 338 | 1.15 (0.49–2.98) | <0.01 |
| Cardiovascular risk factor clustering, N | 1525 | 101 (6.6) | 300 | 125 (41.7) | <0.01 |
Values are expressed as means (SD), medians (95% range), or numbers (%), based on original, non-imputed data. P-values obtained from analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney U or χ2 tests.