Table 1.

Psychological domains and constructs evaluated by the OSPRO yellow flag assessment tool

Domain	Construct	Description
Negative mood	Depression	A mood disorder that causes severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed [3].
	Trait anxiety	The stable tendency to attend to, experience, and report negative emotions such as fears, worries, and anxiety across many situations [27].
	Trait anger	A dispositional characteristic where one experiences frequent anger, with varying intensity (mild irritability, intense rage), and is often accompanied by related negative emotions such as envy, resentment, hate, and disgust [13].
Negative coping	Fear-avoidance beliefs for physical activity and work	Fear that emerges when stimuli that are related to pain are perceived as a main threat, resulting in psychophysiological (heightened muscle reactivity), behavioral (escape and avoidance behavior), and/or cognitive (catastrophizing thoughts) responses. This includes fear avoidance related to general physical activity and fear avoidance related to work-related activities [43].
	Pain catastrophizing	An exaggerated negative orienta-tion toward actual or anticipated pain experiences and catastrophic cognitions due to musculoskeletal pain [71].
	Kinesiophobia	An excessive, irrational, and debilitating fear of physical movement and activity resulting from a feeling of vulnerability due to painful injury or re-injury [42].
	Pain anxiety	The degree of pain-related anxi-ety and fear for individuals with pain conditions [55].
Positive affect and coping	Pain self-efficacy	One’s confidence regarding the ability to function effectively while in pain [59].
	Self-efficacy for rehabilitation	The degree of confidence associated with performing various tasks during rehabilitation [77].
	Chronic pain acceptance	A willingness to experience continuing pain without needing to reduce, avoid, or otherwise change it [54].

OSPRO = Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcomes.