. 2020 Oct 12;478(12):2768–2783. doi: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000001520

Table 3.

Mean psychological questionnaire score estimates from the OSPRO-YF for each cohort

Questionnaire	JHP (n = 1239)	OSPRO (n = 831)	Mean difference (95% CI)	p value	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
Questionnaire	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean difference (95% CI)	p value	Effect size (Cohen’s d)
PHQ-9 (0-27)^a	7 ± 5	6 ± 4	0.9 (0.5 to 1.2)	< 0.001	0.20
STAI (20-80)	38 ± 8	43 ± 6	-4.6 (-5.2 to -4.0)	< 0.001	-0.66
STAXI (10-40)	16 ± 3	15 ± 4	0.5 (0.1 to 0.8)	0.006	0.13
FABQ-PA (0-24)	16 ± 4	14 ± 6	1.8 (1.3 to 2.2)	< 0.001	0.35
FABQ-W (0-42)	14 ± 10	11 ± 10	3.3 (2.4 to 4.1)	< 0.001	0.34
PCS (0-52)	19 ± 10	14 ± 10	4.5 (3.7 to 5.3)	< 0.001	0.47
TSK-11 (11-44)	25 ± 5	23 ± 5	2.5 (2.0 to 2.9)	< 0.001	0.46
PASS (0-100)	34 ± 14	29 ± 16	4.3 (3.1 to 5.6)	< 0.001	0.30
PSEQ (0-60)	35 ± 10	40 ± 11	-4.7 (-5.6 to -3.8)	< 0.001	-0.46
SER (0-120)	93 ± 17	101 ± 16	-7.3 (-8.8 to -5.9)	< 0.001	-0.44
CPAQ (0-120)	62 ± 14	66 ± 12	-4.1 (-5.2 to -2.9)	< 0.001	-0.30

Information in the column is questionnaire name (range of potential scores). Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated to determine the magnitude of differences between the groups, with d = 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 indicating small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively. Effect size is the difference between the two sample means divided by the pooled SD, with positive values indicating higher average scores in the JHP cohort; OSPRO = Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome; JHP = Joint Health Program; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAXI = State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory; FABQ-PA = Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire physical activity subscale; FABQ-W = Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire work subscale; PCS = Pain Catastrophizing Scale; TSK-11 = Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; PASS-20 = Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale; PSEQ = Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; SER = Self-Efficacy for Rehabilitation; CPAQ = Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire.