Table 1: Clinical Characteristics.

PCR+ is RT-qPCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory infection (SARI); PCR−/IgG− is patients with SARI who were RT-qPCR negative but IgG positive for SARS-CoV-2; and PCR−/IgG− is patients with SARI who were both RT-qPCR negative and IgG negative for SARS-CoV-2. Healthy controls were ambulant patients with no intercurrent illness who attended an outpatient clinic appointment.

	Units	PCR+ (n=41)	PCR−/IgG+ (n=25)	PCR−/IgG− (n=21)	P-value	Healthy Control (n=24)
Male	n (%)	30 (73)	18 (72)	12 (57)	0.403α	20 (83)
Age	median (IQR)	50 (42 – 65)	34 (25 – 51)	41 (37 – 60)	0.027β	23 (22 – 25)
Days from symptom onset to hospital admission	median (IQR)	4 (2 – 7)	6 (2 –13)	4 (3 – 14)	0.814β	NA
HIV seropositive	n (%)	9 (31*)	9 (45*)	9 (64*)	0.198α	0 (0)
TB positive	n (%)	1 (2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.567α	0 (0)
Malaria positive	n (%)	2 (5*)	1 (5*)	0 (0*)	0.599α	0 (0)
Cardiac disease	n (%)	13 (36*)	5 (25*)	3 (14)	0.269α	0 (0)
Pulmonary disease	n (%)	3 (9*)	0 (0*)	0 (0*)	0.175α	0 (0)
Oxygen required at enrolment	n (%)	21 (54*)	12 (48)	10 (50*)	0.951α	0 (0)
ISARIC 4C clinical severity score	median (IQR)	5 (4 – 8)	4 (3 – 7)	6 (5 – 8)	0.075β	0 (0 – 0)
UVA score	median (IQR)	2 (0 – 4)	2 (1 – 3)	4 (2 – 5)	0.025β	0 (0 – 0)
Beta-lactam antibiotic administered	n (%)	32 (78)	13 (52)	10 (48)	0.024α	NA
Steroids administered	n (%)	26 (63)	1 (4)	0 (0)	<0.001α	NA
Died in hospital	n (%)	3 (7*)	5 (20*)	9 (43*)	0.004α	NA
Hospital length of stay for survivors	median (IQR)	8 (6 – 17)	6 (4 – 9)	6 (3 – 8)	0.028β	NA

^*Proportion (%) positivity calculated using the denominator for individual variables (unknown status classified as missing data). ISARIC 4C score calculated using six clinical variables available within dataset as urea and C-reactive protein were not available. UVA; universal vital assessment score (low income country validated clinical severity score).

^α:Fisher’s exact test;

^β:Kruskall-Wallis test.