Table 2.

Between-group differences for the 5-Level EuroQol Group 5-Dimensions (EQ-5D) and pain and hand function measured with a VAS from the first sample

Variable	COVID period group (n = 616)	Reference period group (n = 997)	Standardized mean difference	p value
Primary outcome
EQ-5D index score	0.85 (0.77 to 0.89)	0.85 (0.77 to 0.89)	0.035	0.98
Secondary outcomes
EQ-5D VAS general health	86 (71 to 94)	85 (73 to 93)	0.005	0.90
EQ-5D subscale mobility	1 (1 to 1)	1 (1 to 1)	0.006	0.92
EQ-5D subscale self-care	1 (1 to 1)	1 (1 to 1)	0.014	0.76
EQ-5D subscale usual activities	1 (1 to 2)	2 (1 to 2)	0.039	0.37
EQ-5D subscale pain/ discomfort	2 (1 to 3)	2 (2 to 3)	0.059	0.19
EQ-5D subscale anxiety/ depression	1 (1 to 1)	1 (1 to 1)	0.003	0.73
VAS hand function	84 (59 to 96)	81 (53 to 94)	0.108	0.37
VAS mean pain past week	15 (4 to 40)	17 (4 to 51)	0.096	0.046
VAS pain during rest	7 (0 to 27)	7 (0 to 30)	0.077	0.07
VAS pain during physical load	21 (5 to 52)	23 (6 to 61)	0.093	0.008

Reported values per group are medians (interquartile range); in addition, the unadjusted standardized mean difference and the p values for the adjusted group factor from the linear mixed model analyses are shown.