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Vitamin treatments induced changes in the composition of the gut microbiome in vitro. (a) Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) analysis of microbiome profiles generated via fermentation supernatant samples. An additional sample was taken from vitamin B2 0.2x fermentation vessel at baseline to assess the consistency of microbiome profiling procedure. (b) The number of species in fermentation supernatant samplesEach vitamin was tested at 3 doses (0.2x, 1x, and 5x) (Table S2) .
