TABLE 2.

Clinical trials of MSC-based therapy for stroke.

Phase	Patients number	Delivery route	Cell source	Cell number	Timing	Results	References
I	5	IV	Autologous BM-MSCs	1 × 108	7 days	Improve in BI	Bang et al., 2005
II	16	IV	Autologous BM-MSCs	5 × 107	5–7 weeks	Improve in mRS	Lee et al., 2010
I	12	IV	Autologous BM-MSCs	1 × 108	36–133 days	Improve in NIHSS	Honmou et al., 2011
I	8	IV	Autologous BM-MSCs	5–6 × 107	3 months–1 year	Improve in Fugle-Meyer and mRS, increase in number of cluster activation of Brodmann areas BA 4 and BA 6	Bhasin et al., 2011
II	20	IV	Allogeneic AD-MSCs	1 × 106 cells/kg	2 week	Safe and effective	Diez-Tejedor et al., 2014
I/IIa	18	IC	Modified MSCs (SB623)	dose-escalation: 2.5 × 106, 5.0 × 106, or 10 × 106	6–60 months	improve in ESS, NIHSS, Fugle-Meyer	Steinberg et al., 2016, 2018
II	48	IA	BM-ALDHbrcells	0.5 × 105–2.5 × 107	9–15 days	Safe	Savitz et al., 2019
I	10	IV	Allogeneic UC-MSCs	5 × 106–5 × 107/Kg	7–10 days	Safe and feasible	Laskowitz et al., 2018
II	16	IV	Autologous BM-MSCs	10 × 107–30 × 107	14 days	Improve in motor-NIHSS,Fugle-Meyer, task-related fMRI activity	Jaillard et al., 2020

BI, Barthel Index; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; ESS, European Stroke Scale; BM, bone marrow; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; UC-MSC, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell; ALDH^br, aldehyde dehydrogenase bright; IA, intra-arterial; IC, intracerebral; IV, intravenous.