Table 2.

The imbalance of IL-1β and INF-γ/IP-10 in CAP (severe), SARS-CoV-1 (severe and non-severe), and SARS-CoV-2 (severe and non-severe) are shown in this table.

Diseases and Severity	CAP (Severe)	SARS-CoV-1 (non-severe)	SARS-CoV-1 (severe)	SARS-CoV-2 (severe)	SARS-CoV-2 (non-severe)
CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINE
IL-1β	• IL-1β level high in BALF than in serum of fatal cases (28). • Low IL-1β level high in Seven (35%) out of 20 total CAP patients (29). • IL-1β level increased notably in fatal case (30) • IL-1β increased in severe CAP group (31).	• IL-1β level Significantly high in all the patients except three patients during hospitalization compared to normal (32). • IL-1β level was significantly high for 13 days monitored for 20 days of hospitalization (33). • IL-1β did not increase in recovering patients compared to normal (34).	• IL-1β level was (25–49%) higher in fatal cases than normal in lungs demonstrated using IHC (35). • IL-1β level no change in infected patients but increased in a fatal case detected by mRNA expression (31). • 50% increased IL-1β level compared with normal patients (36).	• The IL-1β levels in ICU patients were significant higher than normal but no major difference found in ICU and non-ICU groups (1). • IL-1β level in critically ill patients were significantly low compared with severely ill patients (23).	• Highest statistical significance was observed in IL-1β level of non-ICU patients compared with normal (1). • IL-1β level was in normal range for pediatric patients (21).
IFN-γ/IP-10	• IFN-γ level was significantly higher in Severe CAP patients than non-severe CAP and healthy (29). • IFN-γ level increased in two patients during acute phase but decreased with time (30). • IFN-γ level increased, IP-10 level did not change in pneumonia group (31). • Significantly higher than the SARS-CoV-1 patients 42% patient had CAP (37). • No major difference found in IFN-γ level of CAP and normal patients (38).	• IFN-γ levels not measured (32). • Significantly high for 3 days monitored for 18 days, IP-10 was not monitored (33). • IFN-γ level did not vary in recovering patients compared to normal (34).	• IFN-γ levels in severe and non-severegroups did not vary significantly compared to control group. IP-10 level was high in SARS-CoV-1 patients (31). • IFN-γ level increased by 50% compared to normal (36). • The level of IFN-γ was lower than CAP but the IP-10 level was significantly higher than CAP group (37). • Significantly high in fatal than non fatal patients (39) • No Significant change in serum INF-γ level of severe and non-severepatients (40).	• IFN-γ was significantly higher in the ICU patients compared with the healthy individuals (1). • IP-10 level varies with time monitored in critical, severe and moderate pneumonia. Major statistical significance was observed in the critically ill patients and in moderate pneumonia patients after 15 days of infection (23).	• No difference observed in IFN-γ levels of ICU and non-ICU patients but IP-10 was high in ICU but not in non-ICU patients (1). • IFN-γ level was in normal range except for two pediatric patients (21).

The non-severe group contains hospitalized patients, the severe group patients required frequent oxygen therapy and critical group patients were admitted in ICU under invasive mechanical ventilator.