Table 2.
Daily energy, macro- and micronutrient intake of whole almond consumers and non-consumers, in the UK adult population (≥ 19 year) based on NDNS 2008–2017
| Macronutrient (diet only, % food energy)a | Estimated marginal mean (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AKO | AKM | |||||
| Consumers, n = 317 (4.7% of total adult population) | Non-consumers, n = 6485 (95.3% of total adult population) |
P value | Consumers, n = 481 (7.1% of total adult population) |
Non-consumers, n = 6321 (92.9% of total adult population) | P value | |
| Total energy (kcal) | 1851 (1786, 1915)* | 1694 (1657, 1731) | < 0.001 | 1821 (1759, 1883)* | 1653 (1609, 1698) | < 0.001 |
| Food energy (kcal) | 1794 (1733, 1855)* | 1637 (1602, 1672) | < 0.001 | 1765 (1706, 1824)* | 1603 (1561, 1646) | < 0.001 |
| Protein | 17.7 (17.3, 18.2)* | 17.1 (16.8, 17.3) | 0.001 | 17.7 (17.2, 18.1)* | 17.2 (16.9, 17.5) | 0.002 |
| Fat | 36.7 (35.9, 37.4)* | 34.0 (33.6, 34.5) | < 0.001 | 36.4 (35.7, 37.1)* | 34.0 (33.5, 34.6) | < 0.001 |
| Saturated fatty acids | 12.1 (11.7, 12.5) | 12.0 (11.7, 12.2) | 0.518 | 11.9 (11.5, 12.3) | 12.1 (11.7, 12.4) | 0.148 |
| cis-Monounsaturated fatty acids | 14.1 (13.7, 14.4)* | 12.4 (12.2, 12.6) | < 0.001 | 14.0 (13.7, 14.4)* | 12.4 (12.2, 12.6) | < 0.001 |
| cis n-6 fatty acids | 5.9 (5.7, 6.1)* | 5.1 (5.0, 5.3) | < 0.001 | 5.9 (5.7, 6.1) * | 5.1 (5.0, 5.2) | < 0.001 |
| cis n-3 fatty acids | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1)* | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.002 | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1)* | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | < 0.001 |
| Trans fatty acids | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5)* | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) | < 0.001 | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5)* | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate | 45.2 (44.3, 46.0)* | 48.6 (48.1, 49.0) | < 0.001 | 45.6 (44.8, 46.4)* | 48.5 (48.0, 49.1) | < 0.001 |
| Total sugars | 17.9 (17.1, 18.6) | 18.2 (17.8, 18.7) | 0.283 | 17.6 (16.9, 18.4) | 17.6 (17.1, 18.1) | 0.838 |
| Starch | 26.1 (25.3, 26.8)* | 28.6 (28.4, 29.3) | < 0.001 | 26.6 (25.9, 27.3)* | 29.4 (28.9, 29.9) | < 0.001 |
| Non-milk extrinsic sugars | 7.6 (7.1, 8.2)* | 9.6 (9.2, 10.0) | < 0.001 | 7.6 (7.0, 8.1)* | 9.2 (8.7, 9.6) | < 0.001 |
| Intrinsic milk sugars and starch | 36.1 (35.3, 36.8)* | 37.3 (36.9, 37.8) | < 0.001 | 36.5 (35.7, 37.2)* | 37.7 (37.2, 38.3) | < 0.001 |
| Intrinsic milk sugars | 8.8 (8.3, 9.2)* | 7.2 (6.9, 7.4) | < 0.001 | 8.7 (8.2, 9.1)* | 7.0 (6.7, 7.3) | < 0.001 |
| Non-starch polysaccharides (Englyst Fibre, g) | 14.6 (14.1, 15.1)* | 12.1 (11.9, 12.4) | < 0.001 | 14.0 (13.5, 14.5)* | 11.9 (11.6, 12.2) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol (% total energy) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.405 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.734 |
| Micronutrientsb | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A (retinol equivalents) (μg) | 638.7 (587.2, 695.0) | 603.1 (574.7, 632.9) | 0.124 | 598.5 (551.5, 649.6) | 565.2 (533.2, 599.3) | 0.069 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.4) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.3) | 0.824 | 2.3 (2.2, 2.5) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.3) | 0.057 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 10.7 (10.3, 11.1)* | 8.6 (8.4, 8.8) | < 0.001 | 10.5 (10.1, 10.9)* | 8.3 (8.2, 8.6) | < 0.001 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.4)* | 1.3 (1.2, 1.3) | < 0.001 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.4)* | 1.3 (1.2, 1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4)* | 1.3 (1.2, 1.3) | 0.047 | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4)* | 1.3 (1.2, 1.3) | 0.002 |
| Niacin equivalent (mg) | 32.5 (31.5, 33.5) | 32.5 (31.9, 33.0) | 0.983 | 32.9 (31.9, 33.9) | 32.5 (31.8, 33.2) | 0.277 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.7 (2.6, 2.8)* | 2.8 (2.7, 2.8) | 0.028 | 1.7 (1.7, 1.8) | 1.8 (1.7, 1.8) | 0.152 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 3.9 (3.8, 4.2) | 4.1 (4.0, 4.3) | 0.105 | 4.0 (3.6, 4.2) | 4.0 (3.8, 4.2) | 0.971 |
| Folate (μg) | 221.9 (213.1, 231.1)* | 208.9 (204.1, 213.8) | 0.001 | 218.8 (210.3, 227.6)* | 202.5 (196.8, 208.2) | < 0.001 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 5.1 (4.9, 5.2)* | 4.9 (4.9, 5.0) | 0.047 | 5.2 (5.0, 5.3)* | 4.9 (4.8, 5.0) | < 0.001 |
| Biotin (μg) | 36.4 (34.9, 37.9)* | 28.0 (27.3, 28.7) | < 0.001 | 35.6 (34.2, 37.1)* | 27.0 (26.2, 27.8) | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 83.9 (77.6, 90.8)* | 63.2 (60.4, 66.1) | < 0.001 | 59.7 (56.5, 63.0)* | 78.9 (73.1, 85.1) | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (mg) | 1614.8 (1562.1, 1668.9)* | 1790.8 (1757.3, 1825.0) | < 0.001 | 1621.9 (1570.8, 1674.7)* | 1819.1 (1778.1, 1861.1) | < 0.001 |
| Potassium (mg) | 2689.3 (2619.0, 2762.1)* | 2423.9 (2387.4, 2461.1) | < 0.001 | 2880.8 (2811.2, 2950.5)* | 2584.0 (2533.9, 2634.0) | < 0.001 |
| Calcium (mg) | 641.2 (619.7, 663.5) | 624.2 (612.1, 636.5) | 0.075 | 629.1 (608.5, 650.3) | 617.3 (602.8, 632.1) | 0.141 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 278.5 (271.3, 285.9)* | 227.6 (224.2, 231.1) | < 0.001 | 270.9 (264.2, 277.9)* | 223.2 (219.2, 227.3) | < 0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1128.3 (1103.3, 1154.8)* | 1060.0 (1046.6, 1073.7) | < 0.001 | 1130.1 (1105.6, 1154.8)* | 1063.7 (1046.1, 1079.2) | < 0.001 |
| Iron (mg) | 10.3 (10.0, 10.6)* | 9.5 (9.3, 9.7) | < 0.001 | 10.1 (9.8, 10.4)* | 9.4 (9.2, 9.6) | < 0.001 |
| Copper (mg) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.3)* | 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) | < 0.001 | 1.2 (1.2, 1.3)* | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | < 0.001 |
| Zinc (mg) | 8.1 (7.9, 8.4)* | 7.8 (7.6, 7.9) | 0.001 | 8.0 (7.8, 8.2)* | 7.7 (7.6, 7.9) | 0.001 |
| Chloride (mg) | 2690.5 (2611.2, 2772.3)* | 2887.7 (2838.9, 2937.3) | < 0.001 | 2684.3 (2607.6, 2763.4)* | 2912.4 (2852.6, 2973.4) | < 0.001 |
| Manganese (mg) | 3.4 (3.3, 3.6)* | 2.7 (2.6, 2.8) | < 0.001 | 3.3 (3.2, 3.4)* | 2.6 (2.6, 2.7) | < 0.001 |
| Iodine (μg) | 122.2 (116.2, 128.4) | 123.5 (121.0, 128.1) | 0.624 | 127.3 (121.3, 133.7) | 122.7 (118.5, 127.1) | 0.049 |
| Selenium (μg) | 50.0 (48.0, 52.1)* | 46.2 (45.2, 47.4) | < 0.001 | 49.2 (48.2, 51.2)* | 45.3 (44.0, 46.6) | < 0.001 |
All data are non-normally distributed, except total energy, food energy, fat, Saturated fatty acids, cis-Monounsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrate, starch and intrinsic milk sugars and starch. Presented values from non-normally distributed data are back log-transformed
AKO almond kernel only, AKM almond kernel only plus almond kernel in mixed nuts
*P < 0.05 showed a significant difference, n = 6802
aSurvey-adjusted GLM with a linear link function and predictors: age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic and smoking status was used for energy intake as an outcome for AKO; Survey-adjusted GLM with a linear link function and predictors: age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic and smoking status, alcohol and energy intakes was used for other macronutrient intake outcomes for AKO; Survey-adjusted GLM with a linear link function and predictors: age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic and smoking status, and energy intake was used for alcohol intake as an outcome for AKO. The same statistical analysis was conducted for AKM but region of residency was also included into predictors. Region of residence was not significantly correlated with AKO consumption; thus it was not included as a predictor for analysis related to AKO
bSurvey-adjusted GLM with a linear link function and predictors: age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic and smoking status, alcohol and energy intakes was used for AKO. The same statistical analysis was conducted for AKM but region of residency was also included into predictors. Region of residence was not significantly correlated with AKO consumption; thus it was not included as a predictor for analysis related to AKO