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. 2021 Feb 9;11:628576. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.628576

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Copyright © 2021 She, Xie, Hun, Abdirahman, Li, Wu, Luo, Wan, Wen and Tian

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immunomodulatory effects of mitochondria. Mitochondria undergo (A) dynamic changes: The electron transport chains of split and fused mitochondria are different and tend to produce ROS and ATP, respectively; (B) metabolic medium of the tricarboxylic acid cycle: blockade of the tricarboxylic acid cycle leads to accumulation of inflammatory substances; (C) ROS production: mitochondrial ROS are important bactericidal substances of macrophages; (D) DNA damage participates in immune regulation: mtDNAs participate in immune responses by serving as DAMPs. ETC, electron transport chain; BA, bactericidal; ROS, reactive oxygen species; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; NLRP3, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3; DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; cGAS, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; STING, stimulator of interferon genes; TBK1, TANK-binding kinase 1.