Table 1.
Mitochondrial immunomodulatory effects upon delivery by extracellular vesicles.
| Origin of EVs | Target cells | Direct effects | Indirect effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient melanoma metastatic tissues | – | Biomarker of tumor cells | – | (61) |
| Blood samples of patients with SLE | – | Promote inflammation | Related to disease activity | (62) |
| BM-MSCs | Alveolar epithelium | Increase in ATP levels | Protect against ALI | (63) |
| hBM-MSCs | Macrophage | Increase in ATP and ROS levels | React to Oxidative stress | (64) |
| MSCs | Macrophage | Enhance bioenergetics | Regulate macrophage functions | (58) |
| Astrocytes | – | Increase in ATP levels | – | (65) |
| Astrocytes | Neurons | Increase in ATP levels | Promote survival and plasticity | (60) |
| MDRCs | T cells | Co-localize with the mitochondrial network of T cells | Increase ROS generation | (66) |
| LPS-stimulated monocytic cells | Endothelial cells | Mediators of communication | Promote inflammation | (67) |
| Platelets | Neutrophils | Substrate for the bactericidal secreted phospholipase A2-IIA | Regulate immune reactions | (68) |
BM-MSCs, Bone marrow-derived stromal cells; hBM-MSCs, human bone marrow-derived stromal cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; MDRCs, airway myeloid-derived regulatory cells, ALI, acute lung injury.