Fig. 5. Fructose treatment induces elevated metabolic cycling.

A Stable isotope tracing of uniformly labelled ¹³C-glucose or ¹³C-fructose into the TCA cycle. B Mass isotopologue distribution (MID) represented as a % pool of TCA cycle metabolites: succinate, fumarate and malate or C amino acids: glutamate and aspartate of 24-h LPS-stimulated monocytes. Numbers on the x-axis represent the number of ¹³Carbons incorporated. D Stable isotope tracing of uniformly labelled ¹³C-glutamine in the presence of ¹²C-glucose or ¹²C-fructose of 24-h LPS-stimulated monocytes. E MID of succinate, fumarate and malate and F amino acids: glutamate and aspartate. Statistical significance of individual mass isotopomers was assessed using an unpaired, two-tailed t test (B, C, E, F). Data are representative of four independent experiments and are expressed as mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.