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. 2021 Feb 9;12:627260. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.627260

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Copyright © 2021 Wray and Arrowsmith.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Serum concentrations of sex steroid hormones. The hormones 17β-estradiol (E2), Progesterone (P4) and Testosterone (T/DHT) in women and men during their life course. In females, E2 and P4 are the predominant hormones. Concentrations increase at puberty, undergo cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle and steadily increase during pregnancy. At menopause, concentrations decline to pre-puberty levels. T/DHT is the predominant male hormone which increases at puberty and remains high until late in life when levels decline steadily.