Table 4.
Effect of PDFGS on virus-host interaction & virus-cell entry function.
| Agent | Targets/Effect* | Viruses | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Curcumin | Antiviral agent-virus binding ↑ | IAV | (10) |
| R. acetosa extract, EGCG | Antiviral agent-virus binding ↑ Viral penetration ↓ Viral attachment to host ↓ |
IAV | (55) |
| EBN | Antiviral Agent-viral interaction ↑, HA activity ↓ | IAV | (57) |
| Quercetin | Antiviral agent-viral interaction ↑ | RSV, hPIV-3 | (58) |
| EGCG | Viral envelop damage ↑, Viral penetration to host ↓ | IAV, IBV | (22) |
| Germacrone | Viral attachment to host cells↓ | IAV, IBV | (60) |
| Quercetin | Viral entry ↓ | IAV | (70) |
| Sulphated polysaccharide from Aphanothece sacrum | Viral attachment to host cells↓ | IAV | (61) |
| Lectin-like compounds in Fruit-juice concentrate of Japanese plum (compounds) | HA activity ↓ | IAV | (67) |
| Concanavalin A, lens culinaris agglutinin and peanut agglutinin | Actin disruption ↑, Viral attachment to host cells ↓, antiviral Agent-host interaction ↑ | hPIV-2 | (73) |
| Quercetin | Antiviral agent-virus HA2 binding ↑ | IAV | (70) |
| Green tea, Guava tea | Viral heamagglutination ↓ | IAV | (66) |
| Z. officinale | Viral attachment↓, viral penetration ↓ | RSV | (19) |
| 18β-GA | Viral attachment↓, viral penetration ↓ | RSV | (20) |
| Caffeic, Chlorogenic, Gallic acid | Viral attachment to host cells↓ | HCoV-NL63 | (44) |
| Flavonoids(Isorhamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol) | Viral attachment to host cells↓ | IAV | (51) |
| Isorhamnetin | HA activity ↓ | IAV | (51) |
| Blackcurrant extract | Viral attachment to host cells ↓ | AdV, IBV, IAV, RSV | (48) |
| P. oleracea extract | Antiviral agent-virus binding ↑ | IAV | (25) |
| Adlay tea | Viral attachment to host cells ↓ | IAV, IBV | (16) |
| HS | HA activity ↓ | IAV | (45) |
| Tannins (gallic acid, pentagalloylglucose, tannic acid, EGCG) | HA activity ↓, antiviral agent-virus binding ↑, antiviral agent –host cell binding ↑ | IAV | (41) |
| Polysaccharide extract from marine algae | HA activity ↓ | IAV | (23) |
only effects that are significantly different from the control are shown; ↓Parameter is significantly lower than the untreated virally- infected model; ↑Parameter is significantly higher than the untreated virally- infected model.
18β-GA, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid; AdV, Adenovirus; EBN, Edible bird nest; EGCG, Epigallocatechin gallate; HA, hemagglutinin; HA2, fusion peptide; HCoV-NL63, Human coronavirus NL63; hPIV-2, Human parainfluenza virus type 2; hPIV-3, Human parainfluenza virus type 3; HS, Hibiscus sabdariffa L; IAV, influenza A virus; IBV, Influenza B virus; P. oleracea L, Portulaca oleracea L; R. acetosa, Rumex acetosa; RSV, Respiratory syncytial virus; Z. officinale, Zingiber officinale.