Table 5.

Effect of PDFGS on host antiviral defenses.

Agent	Biomarker/Effect*	Viruses	References
Vit D	Viperin ↑, MxA ↑, Cathelicidin ↑	RV1B	(72)
Acteoside	IFN-γ ↑, T-bet ↑	IAV	(65)
A. digitata leaves extract	IL-8 ↑	RV 1A	(64)
18β-GA	Glycyrrhizin and IFN-β ↑	RSV	(20)
Curcumin	IFN-β ↑	IAV	(10)

^*only effects that are significantly different from the control are shown; ↓parameter is significantly lower than the untreated viral infected model; ↑parameter is significantly higher than the untreated viral infected model.

18β-GA, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid; A. digitata, Adansonia digitata; IAV, influenza A virus; IFN-β, Interferon β; IFN-γ, Interferon γ; IL-8, interleukin 8; MxA, Myxovirus Resistance Gene A; RV1B, rhinovirus 1A; RV1B, rhinovirus 1B; RSV, Respiratory syncytial virus; T-bet, T-box expressed in T cells; Vit D, Vitamin D.