Table 7.
Summary table of included in vivo studies.
| Antiviral PDFGS | Sources | Susceptible Virus/host organism | Intervention | Antiviral effect | Effective antiviral concentration | Antiviral targets | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isoquercetin | mouse-adapted IAV(H1N1)/mice | 5, 10 mg/kg/day for 8 days, intraperitoneally | Reduction in lung viral titer (19-folds) | 10 mg/kg | Viral titer reduction, virus-induced cytotoxicity | (10) | |
| Curcumin | IAV(H1N1)/mice | 50, 150 mg/kg, twice daily for 6 days, orally | Improved Survival rate (70%) | 150 mg/kg | Viral titer reduction, virus-induced cytotoxicity | (29) | |
| Curcumin | IAV (H1N1)/mice | 50–400 mg/kg administered daily intraperitoneally for 4 days | Reduction immune cell count (75%) Reduction in lymphocytes (66%) |
400 mg/kg | Viral-induced cytotoxicity | (43) | |
| Geniposide | Gardenia jasminoides fruit | IAV (H1N1)/mice | 5,10,20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 14 days | Lung Viral titer reduction (36%) | 20 mg/kg | Viral replication, Virus-induced cytotoxicity | (71) |
| Acteoside (phenylpropanoid glycoside) | Kuding Tea | IAV (H1N1)/Mice | 80 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally | >20-folds increase in IFN-γ production | 80 mg/kg | Host defense | (65) |
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa L | IAV (H1N1)/Mice | 100 mg/kg/day for 5 days orally | Significant reduction in the expression of proinflammatory genes | 100 mg/kg | Virus-induced cytotoxicity | (86) |
| Germacrone | Rhizoma Curcuma | IAV (H1N1)/Mice | 50–100 mg/kg/day administered intraperitoneally for 5 days | Mortality reduction (50%) | 100 mg/kg | Virus-induced cytotoxicity | (60) |
| Isorhamnetin, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Diosmetin, Eriodictyol | IAV(H1N1)/mice | 1 mg/kg/day administered intranasally for 5 days | Lung titer reduction (2-folds), Improved survival rate (70–80%) | 1 mg/kg | Virus-induced cytotoxicity, Viral proliferation | (51) | |
| A. melanocarpa extract, Ellagic acid, myricetin | Black chokeberry | IAV(H1N1)/mice | 1 mg/kg administered twice daily for 5 days. A. melanocarpa extract was administered orally, while Ellagic acid and myricetin were given intraperitoneally |
Lung titer reduction (> 50%), Reduction in viral replication (15–30%) | 1 mg/kg | Virus-induced cytotoxicty, viral replication | (46) |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa extract | Hibiscus sabdariffa | IAV (H1N1)/mice | 8 mg/mice of Hibiscus sabdariffa tea extract was administered orally twice daily for 14 days. | No significant difference in IAV induced mortality | – | – | (45) |
| Iridoid glycosides | Fructus Gardeniae | IAV (H1N1)/mice | 5,10,20 mg/kg orally for 4 days | Mortality reduction (52%) | 20 mg/kg | Viral replication, Virus- induced cytotoxicty | (50) |
IAV, influenza A virus; IBV, Influenza B virus; IC50, Half maximal inhibitory concentration; LLC-MK2, Rhesus Monkey Kidney Epithelial Cells; MDCK, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney; MHV, Murine hepatitis Virus; MIC50, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration required to inhibit the growth of 50% of organisms; R. acetosa, Rumex acetosa; RSV, Respiratory syncytial virus; TD50, Median toxic dose; Vit D, Vitamin D; Z. officinale, Zingiber officinale.