FIGURE 2.

Neuroprotective effect of extracellular vesicles on in vitro thrombin‐induced primary cultured rat cortical neurons. A, Representative fluorescence micrographs of the penumbra area with staining for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) (green, TUNEL‐positive); B, The number of TUNEL‐positive cells captured using fluorescent microscopy; C, Cell viability, expressed as relative proliferation rate (%) to the normal control group; D, Cytotoxicity, expressed as relative lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (%) to positive control (100% fully killed cells); E, Malondialdehyde (MDA) level. RatNC, rat neuronal cell normal control; Thr, thrombin treatment; HuMSC, Human MSCs treatment; HuMSC‐EV, extracellular vesicles from naïve human MSCs; HuFibroblast‐EV, extracellular vesicles from human fibroblasts; cont siRNA HuMSC‐EV, extracellular vesicles from human MSCs transfected with scrambled siRNA; BDNF siRNA HuMSC‐EV, extracellular vesicles from human MSCs transfected with BDNF siRNA. Data are presented as mean ± SE of the mean. *P < .05 compared with the rat neuronal cells normal control, #P < .05 compared with the rat neuronal cells treated with thrombin injury control, Φ P < .05 compared with rat neuronal cells treated with thrombin and human MSCs, Ψ P < .05 compared with rat neuronal cells treated with thrombin and human MSCs‐EVs