Table 1.

Surveillance systems in humans and animals in Northern Europe. Countries included in the region – Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), Iceland (ICE), Norway (NO), Sweden (SWE).

Disease/parasitic agent	Human			Animals
	Notifiable	Active surveillance	Passive surveillance	Notifiable	Active surveillance	Population under active surveillance	Passive surveillance
Alveolar echinococcosis/Echinococcus multilocularis	All except DKa	None	All	All	DK, FI, ICE, NOd	Red foxes and slaughtered animalse	Allg
Toxoplasmosis/Toxoplasma gondii	FI, ICEb	ICE	DK, FI, ICE	FIc; ICE	None	None	FI, ICEg
Trichinellosis/T. spiralis and other Trichinella spp.	All except DKa	None	All	All	All	Slaughtered pigs, solipeds, wild boar, bearsf	None
Cystic echinococcosis/Echinococcus granulosus	All except DKa	None	All	All	All	Slaughtered animals; red foxes and dogse	Allg
Cryptosporidiosis/Cryptosporidium spp.	All except DKa	None	All	None	DK	Cervids	None

^aDK is currently developing its notification system;

^bFI, ICE report only congenital toxoplasmosis;

^cIn FI T. gondii is notifiable in swine, sheep, goat, dog, cat and ferret;

^dFI and mainland NO confirmed the free status for E. multilocularis in the context of Regulation (EU) No. 1152/2013 (EFSA, 2019); in DK active surveillance is present in cervids for Cryptosporidium spp.;

^eE. multilocularis and E. granulosus – slaughter animals under meat inspection former EU Directive 854/2004 since 13/12/2019 replaced by EU directive 2019/627 and governmental monitoring programmes for red foxes; only in ICE dogs are also under active surveillance for E. granulosus;

^fTrichinella spp. – mandatory surveillance/control of slaughtered pigs, solipeds, wild boar and susceptible animals intended for human consumption according to EU regulation 2015/1375, in SWE also in bears.

^gPassive surveillance for alveolar echinococcosis (E. multilocularis) in dogs and cats, toxoplasmosis (T. gondii) in sheep; E. granulosus shedding in canids. Reporting uncertain.