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. 2021 Feb 3;13:e00205. doi: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00205

Table 2.

Surveillance systems in humans and animals in Western Europe. Countries included in the region – Austria (AU); Belgium (BE); France (FR); Germany (DE); Liechtenstein (LI); Republic of Ireland (IE); The Netherlands (NL); Switzerland (CH); United Kingdom (UK).

Disease/parasitic agent Human
 Animals
Notifiable Active surveillance Passive surveillance Notifiable Active surveillance Population under active surveillance Passive surveillance
Alveolar echinococcosis/Echinococcus multilocularis AU, DE, FR, IE None All BE, CH, DE, IE, NL, UK AU, BE, CH, DE, IE, NL, UKc Red foxes and slaughtered animalsd BE, CH, FR, LI, NLf
Toxoplasmosis/Toxoplasma gondii DE; FR; IEa, UK AU, BE, DE, FR, NLb All, except BE, NL BE, CH, DE, IE, LI, NL BE, DE, FR, NL Livestock BE, CH, DE, IE, LI, NL, UKf
Trichinellosis/T. spiralis and other Trichinella spp. All except BE, FR, UK None All All All Slaughtered pigs, solipeds, red fox, wild boare None
Cystic echinococcosis/Echinococcus granulosus AU, DE, FR, IE None All All All Slaughtered animalsd CH, DE, NLf
Cryptosporidiosis/Cryptosporidium spp. DE, IE, UK NLg All CH None None CH, IE, NL, UKf
a

Congenital toxoplasmosis;

b

For toxoplasmosis in AU, BE, DE, FR – screening in pregnant women; NL and DE – seroprevalence.

c

IE and UK confirm the free status for E. multilocularis in the context of Regulation (EU) No. 1152/2011 (EFSA 2019), seroprevalence studies in BE, DE, FR and NL reported;

d

E. multilocularis and E. granulosus – slaughter animals under meat inspection former EU Directive 854/2004 since 13/12/2019 replaced by EU directive 2017/627 for cysticercosis; and governmental monitoring programmes for red foxes.

e

Trichinella spp. – mandatory surveillance/control of slaughtered pigs, solipeds, wild boar and susceptible animals intended for human consumption according to EU regulation 2015/1375; In IE risk based active surveillance in red foxes.

f

Passive surveillance for alveolar echinococcosis (E. multilocularis) in dogs and cats, toxoplasmosis (T. gondii) in sheep; E. granulosus shedding in canids, Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp) in ruminants. Reporting uncertain.

g

Laboratory surveillance.