Table 3.

Surveillance systems in humans and animals in Eastern Europe. Countries included in the region – Czech Republic (CZ); Estonia (EE), Hungary (HU); Latvia (LV); Poland (PL); Romania (RO), Slovakia (SK).

Disease/parasitic agent	Human			Animals
	Notifiable	Active surveillance	Passive surveillance	Notifiable	Active surveillance	Population under active surveillance	Passive surveillance
Alveolar echinococcosis/Echinococcus multilocularis	All	PL	All	All	CZ; PL	Slaughtered animals; red foxesc	LV; PL; RO; SKf
Toxoplasmosis/Toxoplasma gondii	Alla	CZ, PL, HU, SK	All	PL, LV	PLb	Cattle, pigsb	LV; PL; RO; SKf
Trichinellosis/T. spiralis and other Trichinella spp.	All	None	All	All	All	Slaughtered pigs, solipeds and wild boar; red foxesd	None
Cystic echinococcosis/Echinococcus granulosus	All	PL	All	All	CZ; HU; LV; PL; SK	Slaughtered animals; dogs, red foxesc	LV; PL; RO; SKf
Cryptosporidiosis/Cryptosporidium spp.	All except PL, RO, SK	None	All	None	PLe	Cattlee	CZ; LV; PL; RO; SKf

^aMainly congenital toxoplasmosis is notifiable, in CZ only acquired toxoplasmosis is notifiable, in HU, EE, SK – both congenital and acquired toxoplasmosis is notifiable;

^bIn PL seroprevalence studies in cattle and pigs;

^cE. multilocularis and E. granulosus – slaughter animals under meat inspection former EU Directive 854/2004 since 13/12/2019 replaced by EU directive 2019/627 in CZ red foxes intended for rabies examination across whole country yearly, in HU 1% of red fox population every fourth year, in PL red foxes and dogs within governmental monitoring program;

^dTrichinella spp. – mandatory surveillance/control of slaughtered pigs, solipeds, wild boar and susceptible animals intended for human consumption according to EU regulation 2015/1375, in CZ red foxes intended for rabies examination across whole country yearly, in HU 1% of red fox population every fourth year;

^eCryptosporidium spp. – in PL slaughtered animals under governmental monitoring program.

^fPassive surveillance for alveolar echinococcosis (E. multilocularis) in dogs and cats; toxoplasmosis (T. gondii) in sheep; E. granulosus shedding in canids, cryptosporidiosis(Cryptosporidium spp.) in ruminants. Reporting uncertain.