Table 4.
Effect of vitamin C on chicken immune system and microbial pathogens.
| Effect on the immune system and microbial pathogens | Dose | Host | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Decreased mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ in the spleens | 200 mg/kg | Broiler chickens | El-Senousey et al., (2017) |
| Decreased expression of IL-1β and IL-6 | 3 mg/egg | Embryonated chicken eggs | El-Senousey et al., (2018) |
| Increase IL-2 and lymphocytes proliferations | 1,000 part per million (ppm) | Broiler chickens | Wu et al., (2000) |
| Increased CD8(+) in spleen and IgM (+) cells in bursa | 1,000 ppm | Broiler chickens | Wu et al., (2000) |
| Increased antibody against IBDV | 1,000 ppm | Broiler chickens | Amakye-Anim et al., (2000) |
| Higher antibody against SRBC and an NDV vaccine | 200 mg/kg | Broiler chickens | Panda et al., (2008) |
| Decreased mortality caused by Salmonella gallinarum | 1,000 mg/kg | Broiler chickens | Hill and Garren, (1958) |
| Decreased the incidence of E. coli infection | 330 mg/kg | Broiler chickens | Gross et al., (1988a) |
| Decreased mortality caused by co-infection of NDV, E. coli and M. gallisepticum | 100 mg/kg | Broiler chickens | Gross et al., (1992) |
Abbreviations: IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-2, interleukin-2; IBDV, infectious bursal disease virus; NDV, Newcastle Disease Virus; SRBC, sheep red blood cell.