Table 2.

Bivariate analysis (n = 196) ^a

	Rates of negative events (care outcomes) in the ward b
	Pneumonia	Pressure ulcer	Urinary catheter	Tube feeding
1. Burnout c
Emotional exhaustion	.152 **	.175 **	.079	−.083
Depersonalization	.140 *	.078	.086	−.060
Reduced personal accomplishment	−.069	−.059	.164 **	.148 **
2. Setting-related variables
Hospital size	.038	−.056	−.016	−.014
Ward size	−.114*	.056	.056	.023
Average frequency of night shifts per month	.055	.029	.076	.081
Average overtime hours per day	.037	.048	−.057	−.117 *
Rate of full-time staff per bed	.102 *	−.009	.010	.024
Rate of part-time staff per bed	.045	−.036	−.034	.021
Patients’ condition
Proportion of patients with ADL level 1	−.085	−.047	−.303 ***	−.400 ***
Proportion of patients with ADL level 2	.043	−.088	−.279 ***	−.467 ***
Proportion of patients with ADL level 3	.013	.117 *	.392 ***	.525 ***
3. Manager-related variables
Managers’ gender
Female	98.13	98.27	97.95	97.83
Male	93.20	87.90	99.80	104.30
Managers’ age	−.041	−.013	−.106	−.012
Managers’ years of nursing experience	−.023	−.040	−.101*	−.093*
4. Staff-related variables c
Percentage of female nurses in the ward	−.081	.023	.083	.079
Average of nurses’ age in the ward	−.189 **	−.090	−.104 *	−.048
Average of nurses’ years of experience	−.172**	−.091	−.079	−.041
In-service education c
Seminars inside the hospital	.085	−.058	−.054	.020
Seminars outside the hospital	.023	−.097	−.030	−.010

ADL Activity of daily living

^a All analyses were conducted at the unit level

^b Reported statistics are either correlation coefficients (Spearman’s rho) or mean ranks (for Mann-Whitney U-test)

^c Data were collected from staff nurses and aggregated at the unit level using the group mean

* p-value ≤ .2; ** p-value < .05; *** p-value < .001