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. 2021 Feb 23;40:77. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-01870-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Claudin-2 interacts with YAP through its PDZ binding motif and hinders its nuclear localization and activation. a Total cell lysate from MDCK-II cells was subjected to immunoprecipitation using anti-claudin-2 antibody and then immunoblotted with anti-YAP; (b) Total cell lysate from MDCK-II cells was subjected to immunoprecipitation using anti-YAP antibody and immunoblotting with anti-claudin-2 or anti-YAP antibody; (c) Immunoblotting of p-YAP^S127/YAP and its densitometry analysis; (d) Immunoblot analysis and quantitation of p-YAP^S127/YAP using the total tissue lysates from Caki-2^CON and Caki-2^Cldn2 cell induced (xenograft) tumors; (e) Representative immunoblot analysis of p-YAP^S127, YAP and claudin-2 expression using total cell lysate from MDCKII and MDCKII^TALEN cells subjected to a time-course of growth, and densitometric quantitation of p-YAP^S127; (f) Immunofluorescent analysis of YAP and ZO-1 proteins in MDCKII and MDCKII^TALEN cells growing in time dependent manner (30 min to 6 h). Yellow box area from MDCKII cells and MDCKII^TALEN cells was enlarged below to show YAP localization. Arrows indicate localization of the YAP protein; (g) Immunoblot analysis of MDCK-II cell lysate expressing claudin-2-HA recombinant protein (expressing Cldn2^FL/HA plasmid) or claudin-2 protein lacking the PDZ-binding motif (expressing Cldn2^ΔPDZ/HA plasmid); (h) Immunoprecipitation using anti-HA antibody. Total cell lysate of MDCK-II cell expressing Cldn2^FL/HA plasmid construct and Cldn2^ΔPDZ/HA construct was used for immunoprecipitation and subsequently immunoblotted with anti-HA or anti-YAP antibody; (i) Representative Immunoblots of EMT marker in Caki-2 cells transfected with Cldn2^FL/HA or Cldn2^ΔPDZ/HA expression construct; (j) Graphical modelling of the overall concept. Differentiated PTE cell having apical claudin-2 (green) which interacts with YAP (brown) protein and sequestered to membrane. Cancer promoting factors induce down-regulation of claudin-2 expression. Loss of claudin-2, in turn, promotes loss of cell-cell contact and de-localization of YAP protein to the cell nucleus and hence induction of proliferation and RCC progression. Data is presented as mean + sem. Statistical significance was determined by student t test and 1-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test for pairwise comparison. ** or $$ P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001