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. 2021 Feb 23;142:155478. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155478

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Fig. 2 — Dynamic changes in cytokine test volumes at a national reference laboratory (ARUP Laboratories) in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Fold change of test volumes are shown for a cytokine panel (“Panel”; containing 12 cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ and the cytokine receptor IL-2R), the indicated individual cytokines, and the total volume of tests (“Total”) performed at ARUP Laboratories between November 2019 and October 2020. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Panel testing volume surged in April 2020 (Peak 1), which was concurrent with the outbreak in New York City, NY [28]. It then dropped gradually to the pre-COVID-19 levels in June 2020. Similarly, the test volumes for IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-10 peaked in July 2020 (Peak 2) and returned to pre-COVID-19 levels in October 2020. Strikingly, IL-6 and total testing volumes participated in both Peaks 1 and 2 and has continued to maintain a significantly higher level than pre-COVID-19 levels, e.g., 11.9-fold higher IL-6 tests in October 2020 than November 2019.