Fig. 4.

Log-likelihood ratios of molecule image fits for varying aberration magnitudes. The plots quantify each methods’ ability to reveal the presence of aberrations. Every data point represents an average LLR value over the entire z-range. Each errorbar marks the standard deviation of the respective z-averaged LLR value, calculated from 5 subsequent trials, assuming the signal and background values stated below. The black dashed lines mark the 5% and 20% significance thresholds. If the curves fall below these lines, the aberration remains undetected by the localization algorithm, thus corrupting the data by introducing the biases shown in Fig. 3. Assumed parameters: UAF signal = 5000 photons, background = 100 photons per pixel.