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Systematic errors of z-estimates caused by two close emitters. The position estimators of DEF (a), CYL (b,c), BIP (d) and SALM (e) are applied to simulated images of close emitter pairs, which are laterally separated by 0 to 250 nm. The z-positions of the pairs are varied between from 0 to 250 nm. For CYL, the orientation of the emitter pair plays a role. The gray area on the left in (c) marks regions where the localization algorithm runs into its lower boundary (0 nm).
