. 2020 Dec 31;13(1):58–69. doi: 10.4300/JGME-D-20-00359.1

Table 3.

Measures and Outcomes of Included Studies

Study, Y	Follow-Up Period	Well-Being Measure(s)	Outcomes	GRADE Rating
McCue, 1991³⁵	6 wks	MBI^a, LES, ESSI	Improved emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, stress management	Low^c
Ospina-Kammerer, 2003³⁶	NR	MBI^a	Improved emotional exhaustion	Low^c
Milstein, 2009³⁷	3 mos	MBI^a	No significant differences	Moderate^d
Bragard, 2010³⁸	I: 2 mos; C: 8 mos	MBI^a; self-efficacy instrument	Increased self-efficacy; decreased stress to communicate	Low^e
Winkel, 2010³⁹	1 y	MBI^a; IRI^a	Decreased IRI, emotional concern; increased emotional exhaustion	Low^c
Foster, 2012⁴¹	2.5 y	AIOS^a	No significant differences	Very Low^c,e
Saadat, 2012⁴²	16 wks	Role Quality Scale; CSI^a; social support; STAI^a; CES-D^a; CHIPS^a; NSDUH^a	Reduced stressors, anxiety; increased social support at work, problem-solving coping	High
Maher, 2013⁴⁴	24 wks	STAI^a	No change in anxiety state	Low^c
Gunasingam, 2015⁴⁶	10 wks	MBI^a	No significant difference in burnout	High
Ripp, 2016⁴⁷	11 mos	MBI^a	No significant differences	High
Slavin, 2017⁴⁸	10 mos	CES-D^a; MBI^a; STAI^a	Decreased depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, anxiety, mean depression scores, residents with burnout	Low^c
Thimmapuram, 2017⁵⁰	12 wks	MBI^a; EWA	Improved all burnout measures, nearly all EWA attributes	Low^c
Zazulak, 2017⁵¹	1 mo	IRI^a; Compassion Scale^a; FFMQ^a	No significant differences in IRS, Compassion Scale, overall mindfulness; improved non-judgment of inner experiences, describe/self-expression	Very Low^c,e
Chanchlani, 2018⁵³	12 mos	Semi-structured interview questions^b	Improved stress, morale, support, job satisfaction, psychosocial well-being	High
Dotters-Katz, 2018⁵⁴	60 days	PMI^a; ethical missteps questionnaire	Improved burnout, compassion satisfaction; no differences in interest in and ability to practice, ethical missteps	Low^c
Brennan, 2019⁵⁶	I: 1 y, 2 y, 3 y; C: 1 y	MBI^a; ProQOL^a; CD-RISC^a	Decreased depersonalization, emotional exhaustion	Low^c
Forbes, 2019⁵⁷	3 mos	ProQOL^a; K10^a	No change in distress; decreased burnout, secondary traumatic stress; reduced compassion fatigue in controls	Low^c
Lebares, 2019⁵⁸	8 wks, 1 y	ER89^a; CAMS-R^a; Grit-S^a; PSS^a; MBI^a; PHQ-9^a	Increased mindfulness; decreased stress	High

Abbreviations: NR, not reported; I, intervention; C, control; MBI, Maslach Burnout Inventory; LES, Life Experiences Survey; ESSI, Stress Systems Instrument; IRI, Interpersonal Reactivity Index; AIOS, Arizona Integrative Outcomes Scale; CSI, Coping Strategy Indicator; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CHIPS, Cohen–Hoberman Inventory of Physical Symptoms; NSDUH, National Survey on Drug Use and Health; EWA, Emotional Wellness Assessment; FFMQ, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; PMI, Psychological Medicine Inventory; ProQOL, Professional Quality of Life Scale; CD-RISC, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; K10, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; ER89, Ego Resiliency Scale; CAMS-R, Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale–Revised; Grit-S, Short Grit Scale; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire.

Supported by validity evidence.

Drawn from tools supported by validity evidence.

Study received lower GRADE rating due to lack of randomization.

Study downgraded due to serious imprecision.

Study downgraded due to serious risk of bias.