Table 1.
Summary of reported abundance of biomarkers involved in the inflammatory response in children with burns compared to healthy children without burns
| Reference | Source | Reported normal limits | Abundance in children with burns | Age range | Time frame | Population TBSA (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-17 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | Undetectable† | Elevated 0.6–2.75 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | 0.1 ± 0.0 pg/mL | Elevated 17 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Immediately after burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | <1 pg/mL† | Elevated 4.1–9.5 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| IL-1β | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 0.9 ng/mL† | Elevated 2.4 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Immediately after burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | 0.9 ± 0.1 pg/mL | Elevated 7 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Immediately after burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Klein et al. (1995) [41] | Blood | <1 pg/mL | Elevated 3.4 ± 1.9 pg/mL | 5.8–17.5 years | 3 weeks post-burn | 63 ± 16a |
| Jeschke et al. (2004) [40] | Blood | Not reported | Elevated 1.75–2.75 pg/mL† | 5.7 ± 3.9 years | Up to 40 days post-burn | 67 ± 14b |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 2 pg/mL† | Elevated 5–20 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| TNF | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 0.7 ng/mL† | Elevated 2.5–3.5 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 7 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | 0.5 pg/mL | Within normal limits 0.25–4.5 pg/mL | 2–15 years | Within first 4 weeks post-burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2004) [40] | Blood | Not reported | Elevated 3–13 pg/mL | 5.7 ± 3.9 years | Up to 40 days post-burn | 67 ± 14b |
| Kulp et al. (2010) [24] | Urine (in 24 hours) | 5 pg/mL† | Elevated 14–25 pg/mL† | 8 ± 5 years | Up to 180 days post-burn | 59 ± 17a |
| Abdel-Hafez et al. (2007) [20] | Blood | 7.74 ± 3.03 ng/L | Elevated 98.3 ± 15.4 ng/L | 2 months-7 years | At admission | 31.62 ± 12.01b |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 8 pg/mL† | Elevated 17.5–38 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | From admission to 16 days post-burn, then fluctuates up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| IL-6 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | <10 ng/mL† | Elevated 380–1150 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | 4.1 ± 1.7 pg/mL | Elevated 300–1800 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Up to 4 weeks post-burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Klein et al. (1995) [41] | Blood | <1 pg/mL | Elevated 126 ± 58 pg/mL | 5.8–17.5 years | 3 weeks post-burn | 63 ± 16a |
| Jeschke et al. (2012a) [45] | Blood | <10 ng/mL† | Elevated 280–1020 ng/mL† | 8 ± 5 years | Up to 250 days post-burn | 64 ± 12b |
| Jeschke et al. (2004) [40] | Blood | Not reported | Elevated 60–80 pg/mL† | 5.7 ± 3.9 years | Up to 10 days post-burn | 67 ± 14b |
| Kulp et al. (2010) [24] | Urine (in 24 hours) | <50 pg/mL† | Elevated 100–3000 pg/mL† | 8 ± 5 years | Up to 180 days post-burn | 59 ± 17a |
| Gauglitz et al. (2009) [43] | Blood | <50 pg/mL† | Elevated 1100–2200 pg/mL† | 8.8 ± 5.3 years | Up to 2 months post-burn | 57.9 ± 14.7b |
| Abdel-Hafez et al. (2007) [20] | Blood | 12.4 ± 5.7 pg/mL | Elevated 145.3 ± 36.4 pg/mL | 2 months-7 years | At admission | 31.62 ± 12.01b |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | Undetectable† | Elevated 50–2650 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| α1-Acid glycoprotein | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2004) [40] | Blood | Not stated | Elevated 200–255 mg/dl† | 1–16 years | From 5 to 80 days post-burn | 67 ± 14b |
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 60 ng/mL† | Elevated 125–225 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Klein et al. (1995) [41] | Blood | 0.55 ± 1.40 g/L | Elevated 2.00 ± 0.34 g/L | 5.8–17.5 years | 3 weeks post-burn | 63 ± 16a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 100 mg/dL† | Elevated 200–220 mg/dL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | From 8 days to 90 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| C-reactive protein | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | <1 ng/mL† | Elevated 9–14.5 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2004) [40] | Blood | Not Stated | Elevated 7–17 mg/dl† | 5.7 ± 3.9 years | Up to 70 days post-burn | 67 ± 14b |
| Abdel-Hafez et al. (2007) [20] | Blood | 2.4 ± 0.40 μg/mL | Elevated 32.12 ± 19.08 μg/mL | 2 months-7 years | At admission | 31.62 ± 12.01b |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | <0.5 mg/dL† | Elevated 1.5–13.5 mg/dL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 270 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| α2-Macroglobulin | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 150 ng/mL | Elevated 175 ng/mL | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | At day 35–60 post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 267.5 mg/dL† | Reduced 120–180 mg/dL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| Complement C3 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 130 ng/mL† | Elevated 150–170 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | 17–60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 140 mg/dL† | Reduced 90–120 mg/dL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | From admission to 10 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 140 mg/dL† | Elevated 165–185 mg/dL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Days 29–90 post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| α1-Antitrypsin | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2004) [40] | Blood | Not stated | Elevated 280–370 mg/dl† | 1–16 years | From 5 to 80 days post-burn | 67 ± 14b |
| Klein et al. (1995) [41] | Blood | 1.9 ± 3.5 g/L | Elevated 3.69 ± 1.01 g/L | 5.8–17.5 years | 3 weeks post-burn | 63 ± 16a |
| Haptoglobin | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2004) [40] | Blood | Not stated | Elevated 280–475 mg/dl† | 1–16 years | From 5 to 80 days post-burn | 67 ± 14b |
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 105 ng/mL† | Elevated 245–370 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | From 2 to 7 days post-burn up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 160 mg/dL† | Elevated 280–335 mg/dL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | From 8 days to 90 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| Leptin | ||||||
| Abdel-Hafez et al. (2007) [20] | Blood | 1.3 ± 0.4 ng/mL | Elevated 15.7 ± 1.28 ng/mL | 2 months-7 years | At admission | 31.62 ± 12.01b |
| IFN γ | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 2 ng/mL† | Elevated 5–16 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Until 7 days post-burn, at 11–16 days post-burn, and at 23–28 days post-burn. | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | 1.5 ± 0.5 pg/mL | Elevated 52 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Immediately after burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 5 pg/mL† | Elevated 22.5–67.5 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| IL-12p70 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | Undetectable† | Elevated 0.35–1.4 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | Undetectable | Elevated 2–2.3 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Immediately after burn and at 3 weeks post-burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 7.5 pg/mL† | Within normal limits | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| Procalcitonin | ||||||
| Abdel-Hafez et al. (2007) [20] | Blood | 0.17 ± 0.02 ng/mL | Elevated 69.1 ± 11.4 ng/mL | 2 months-7 years | At admission | 31.62 ± 12.01b |
| MCP-1 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 40 ng/mL† | Elevated 110–200 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | 41.9 ± 5.4 pg/mL | Elevated 140–280 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Up to 1-week post-burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Gauglitz et al. (2009) [43] | Blood | 50 pg/mL† | Elevated 70–350 pg/mL† | 8.8 ± 5.3 years | Up to 36 months post-burn | 57.9 ± 14.7b |
| Jeschke et al. (2012a) [45] | Blood | 50 ng/mL† | Elevated 75–640 ng/mL | 8 ± 5 years | Up to 250 days post-burn | 64 ± 12b |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 80 pg/mL† | Elevated 125–550 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| MIP-1β | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 38 ng/mL† | Elevated 42–85 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | 36.4 ± 9.1 pg/mL | Elevated 118 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Immediately after burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 160 pg/mL† | Within normal limits | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| IL-8 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 5 ng/mL† | Elevated 70–125 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | 8.1 ± 3.9 pg/mL | Elevated 40–190 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Up to 3 weeks post-burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2004) [40] | Blood | Not reported | Elevated 300–950 pg/mL† | 5.7 ± 3.9 years | Up to 40 days post-burn | 67 ± 14b |
| Kulp et al. (2010) [24] | Urine (in 24 hours) | 20 pg/mL† | Elevated 90–480 pg/mL† | 8 ± 5 years | Up to 90 days post-burn | 59 ± 17a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | <20 pg/mL† | Elevated 30–460 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| IL-5 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 0.65 ng/mL† | Reduced 0.3–0.5 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | 8–10 and 23–29 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 1 pg/mL† | Elevated 1.5–3.2 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| IL-7 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 4 ng/mL† | Elevated 4.2–5.8 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | 8–60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | 3.3 ± 0.3 pg/mL | Elevated 12–17 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Immediately after burn and at 3 weeks post-burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 14 pg/mL† | Elevated 18–27 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Between 11 and 540 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| IL-10 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 1.5 ng/mL† | Elevated 3–11.75 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | 1.2 ± 0.2 pg/mL | Elevated 78 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Immediately after the burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2004) [40] | Blood | Not reported | Elevated 40–125 pg/mL† | 5.7 ± 3.9 years | Up to 40 days post-burn | 67 ± 14b |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 8 pg/mL† | Elevated 17.5–42.5 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 28 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| G-CSF | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | <10 ng/mL† | Elevated 40–430 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | Undetectable | Elevated 80–1175 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Up to 2 weeks post-burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | <10 pg/mL† | Elevated 25–1100 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| Kulp et al. (2010) [24] | Urine (in 24 hours) | 20 pg/mL | Elevated 50–810 pg/mL | 8 ± 5 years | Up to 1105 days post-burn | 59 ± 17a |
| GM-CSF | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | Undetectable† | Elevated 3–9.8 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | Undetectable | Elevated 9 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | At 2 weeks post-burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 3 pg/mL† | Elevated 7.5–23 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| IL-4 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | Undetectable† | Elevated 0.3–1.75 ng/mL | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | Undetectable† | Elevated 1.35–2.35 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Up to 1 week post-burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | <0.5 pg/mL† | Elevated 1.5–7.5 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 270 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| IL-13 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | 0.9 ng/mL† | Elevated 1.75–1.9 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 7 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | 0.7 ± 0.0 pg/mL | Elevated 5.75 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Immediately after burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | <1 pg/mL† | Elevated 2.5–4.8 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 180 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
| IL-2 | ||||||
| Jeschke et al. (2008a) [37] | Blood | Undetectable† | Elevated 0.4–3.7 ng/mL† | 8.0 ± 0.2 years | Up to 60 days post-burn | 56 ± 0.3a |
| Finnerty et al. (2006) [36] | Blood | Undetectable† | Elevated 3.75–5.75 pg/mL† | 2–15 years | Immediately after burn and at 2 weeks post-burn | 50 ± 3a |
| Jeschke et al. (2011) [38] | Blood | 3 pg/mL† | Elevated 5–17.5 pg/mL† | 7.5 ± 5.3 years | Up to 1100 days post-burn | 50 ± 20b |
†Data derived from graph, aData presented as mean ± SEM, bData presented as mean ± SD
TBSA total body surface area, IL interleukin, TNF tumour necrosis factor, INFγ interferon-gamma, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MIP-1β macrophage inflammatory protein 1β, G-CSF granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor