Table 2.

Change in treatment outcome variables from baseline to follow-up

		Baseline	Follow-up
Outcome	Min–Max	(N = 41)	(N = 36)	Paired t Test	Cohen’s d	ANCOVA t Test	Cohen’s d
Pain intensity (past wk)	0–10	6.41 (1.24)	5.39 (1.70)	t = 3.64, P < 0.001	0.61	t = 3.85, P < 0.001	0.64
Pain intensity (past 3 mo)	0–10	6.40 (1.11)	5.71 (1.60)	t = 2.82, P = 0.008	0.47	t = 2.82, P = 0.008	0.47
Pain interference (PROMIS)	8–40	27.37 (6.02)	23.81 (8.57)	t = 2.41, P = 0.022	0.40	t = 2.72, P = 0.010	0.45
PCL-5	0–80	43.37 (13.64)	35.72 (16.51)	t = 2.46, P = 0.019	0.41	t = 3.19, P = 0.003	0.53
PHQ-9	0–27	13.02 (5.67)	9.67 (5.42)	t = 3.96, P < 0.001	0.66	t = 4.06, P < 0.001	0.68
Suicidal ideation	0–3	0.27 (0.55)	0.11 (0.32)	t = 2.22, P = 0.033	0.37	t = 2.22, P = 0.033	0.37
Anger (PROMIS)	5–25	16.63 (4.13)	14.94 (4.73)	t = 2.54, P = 0.016	0.42	t = 2.33, P = 0.026	0.39
Sleep (PROMIS)	8–40	30.10 (8.51)	26.33 (8.48)	t = 2.71, P = 0.010	0.45	t = 2.82, P = 0.008	0.47

ANCOVA t test and corresponding Cohen’s d reflect the effect of the intervention after controlling for whether participants received any pharmacological or behavioral treatment during the intervention period. All P values were significant after using the false discovery rate method to control for family-wise error.

ANCOVA = analysis of covariance; PCL-5 = PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PROMIS = Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.