Table 3.

Before vs after neurofeedback session changes in pain, anger, and stress

	Raw Scores				Multilevel Modeling of Change
	Presession		Postsession		Intercept	Presession Level
Variable	Mean (SD)	Min–Max	Mean (SD)	Min–Max	Coeff (SE)	Coeff (SE)
Pain	4.85 (2.16)	0–10	3.23 (2.17)	0–10	–1.41*** (0.25)	–0.57*** (0.02)
Stress	5.02 (2.37)	0–10	1.79 (1.94)	0–10	–3.22*** (0.24)	–0.81*** (0.03)
Anger	2.94 (2.42)	0–10	2.93 (2.22)	0–10	0.15 (0.29)	–0.77*** (0.03)

Change scores were derived by subtracting presession scores from postsession scores and from N = 965 sessions. Following 10-minute neurofeedback sessions, 67.05% (647/965) of the time veterans reported reduced pain, 85.39% (824/965) of the time veterans reported reduced stress, and 38.34% (370/965) of the time veterans reported reduced anger.

^*** P < 0.001.