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. 2021 Feb 9;15:638887. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.638887

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Copyright © 2021 Ptito, Bleau, Djerourou, Paré, Schneider and Chebat.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Technologies to assist the blind. (Left) Blind individuals can gain autonomy via a combination of the following fundamental and interlinked factors: rehabilitation services, environment adaptation, and technology. (Right) A model of present and future technologies and therapies to substitute and restore vision. At the bottom of the pyramid are simple devices, or tools, that are currently adopted by blind individuals to meet their fundamental needs. At each level, technologies aim to enable more tasks toward the goal of full vision substitution or full vision restoration. However, due to limitations discussed in this review, the higher the technology or therapy on the pyramid, the greater the obstacles to its application and adoption by blind individuals. ETAs, electronic travel aids; SSDs, sensory substitution devices; UD, universal design.