TABLE 3.
Lead induced phytotoxic effects on the morphological and physiological attributes of cereals.
| Applied Pb dose | Plant specie | Culture | Exposure hours (h) or days | Alteration in plant parameters | References |
| 250 and 500 mg kg–1 PbNO3 | Mung bean | Hydroponic | 21 days | ↓ growth, photosynthetic pigments, protein synthesis, water use efficiency | Arif et al., 2019 |
| 100, 200, 300 μM PbNO3 | Tartary buckwheat | Hydroponic | 15 and 30 days | ↓ shoot and root length and biomass, chlorophyll ↑ proline, soluble sugar, protein content | Pirzadah et al., 2020 |
| 418.64 mg kg–1 Pb | Rice | Hydroponic | 23 days | ↑ proline, soluble protein content | Rao et al., 2018 |
| 0, 50, and 250 μM | Wheat | Hydroponic | ↑ radicle and coleoptile length | Kaur et al., 2015b | |
| 228 mg L–1 | Rice | Hydroponic | 8-16 days | ↑ protein carbonylation, nonprotein thiols ↓ protein thiols | Srivastava et al., 2014 |
| 4,968 mg L–1 | Wheat | Hydroponic | 30 days | ↓ growth traits, nutrients uptake | Lamhamdi et al., 2011 |
| 1,656 mg L–1 | Rice | Hydroponic | 30 days | ↑ phosphorylation of PSII core proteins, protein degradation | Romanowska et al., 2012 |
| 1 mM | Rice | Hydroponic | 4-7 days | ↓ shoot or root length, biomass, nutrients uptake | Khan et al., 2018 |
| 0 and 100 μM | Rice | Hydroponic | 7 days | ↓ plant height, shoot, and root dry or fresh weights ↓ photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes | Chen et al., 2017 |
| 0.5 and 1 mM | Wheat | Hydroponic | 7 days | ↓ plant growth, biomass, leaf relative water, chlorophylls ↑ proline | Hasanuzzaman et al., 2018 |
| 2 mM | Wheat | Hydroponic | 63 days | ↓ plant growth traits, biomass, leaf relative water, Rubisco activity, ATP sulfurylase, nutrients level, total chlorophyll | Alamri et al., 2018 |
| 1.5 mM | Wheat | Hydroponic | 5 days | ↓ root elongation and coleoptile growth | Turk et al., 2018 |
| 0, 1, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 mM | Maize | Hydroponic | 14 days | ↓ early growth, biomass, seed germination, total protein contents, Pb uptake | Hussain et al., 2013 |
| 500 mg kg–1 | Wheat | Soil | 120 days | ↓ growth, biomass, Pb uptake, grain yield, chlorophyll, gas exchange parameters | Rehman et al., 2017 |
| 0.1 mM | Maize | Hydroponic | 4 days | ↓ growth rate of coleoptile segments ↑ membrane hyperpolarization | Kurtyka et al., 2018 |
| 0, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, and 3,200 mg kg–1 | Sorghum | Soil | 21 days | ↓ growth, dry matter, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, starch, proteins, total soluble sugars | Cândido et al., 2020 |