Figure 4.

15d-PGJ₂ induces leukocyte infiltration and macrophage polarization. Lamina propria immune cells were isolated from the colons of DSS-treated mice, collected on day 7 (Inflammation phase) and day 11 (Resolution phase) as described in Materials and Methods. (A–C) The percentage of neutrophils (CD45⁺ CD11b⁺ Gr-1⁺ F4/80^-) macrophages (CD45⁺ CD11b⁺ Gr-1^- F4/80⁺), M1 macrophages (CD45⁺ CD11b⁺ Gr-1^- F4/80⁺ CD86⁺), and M2 macrophages (CD45⁺ CD11b⁺ Gr-1^- F4/80⁺ CD206⁺) was determined by flow cytometery. The graphs show the percentage of each cell population. (D) BMDMs were treated with LPS (100 ng/ml) in the absence or presence of 15d-PGJ₂ (10 μM). The mRNA levels of M1 markers including iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-12 were measured by real-time PCR. (E) BMDMs were co-treated with IL-4 and 15d-PGJ₂ for 4 h. The mRNA levels of M2 markers including Arg-1, CD36, TGF-β, and YM-1 were determined by real-time PCR. All data represent mean ± S.D. (n=3). ^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, and ^*** p < 0.001.