FIGURE 2.

Number of cilia in vitro and in vivo study. (A) The incidence of primary cilia is about 8% in static cultured ECs, gradually decreased with laminar flow and drop to 0% upon 2 h flow stimulation (Iomini et al., 2004). (B) Quantification of primary cilia per 0.005 mm³ in carotid and 0.5 mm³ in aorta. In WT and ApoE^–/– mice, aorta and carotids were serially sectioned at 5 μm and then mounted to construct 3D image. Acetylated α tubulin was used to stain primary cilia and numbers of cilia per 0.005 mm³ in carotid and 0.5 mm³ in aorta are counted. Primary cilia are accumulated aortic arch, bifurcations, and constricted carotids, however, can nearly be detected in non-constricted carotids and descending aorta (van der Heiden et al., 2008).