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. 2021 Feb 5;8:609204. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.609204

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Copyright © 2021 Croci, Bonacini, Dolci, Massari, Facciolongo, Pignatti, Pisciotta, Carnevale, Negro, Cassone, Muratore, Belloni, Zerbini and Salvarani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in resting condition. PBMCs from nine COVID-19 patients were cultured alone and in contact with DPSCs at 10:1 effector:target ratio. Concentrations of 18 cytokines (pg/ml) were determined in 48-h conditioned media by means of a multiplex bead-based assay. Dotted lines indicate lower limits of detection (LLD). When cytokine concentrations were lower than the limits of detection or not detected, a value = 0.25 was arbitrarily assigned. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon-matched paired test.